THE NEW SCHAPF-HERZOG
170-1S2 et passim, ib. 1894; idem, Ten New England Leaders, pp. 126-134, 244-247 et passim, ib. 1901; L. W. Bacon, Congregationalists, pp. 76-112, 114, ib. 1904.
HALITGAR: Bishop of Cambrai. Little is known of his life. He was consecrated probably in 817 In S22 he was designated by Pope Paschal I. to assist Archbishop Ebo of Reims, sent as papal representative to the northern mission, but seems not to have accompanied him on his visit to Denmark; and indeed it has recently been doubted whether the Halitgar mentioned in this connection was the bishop of Cambrai at all. Later he took part in several Frankish synods, and in 828 was sent by the emperor as ambassador to the Byzantine court. His death is usually placed on June 25, 831. He is best known as the author of a penitential book which he compiled at Ebo's request (see Penitentials). It is matter of debate whether books iii.-v. were taken directly or indirectly from the Collectio Dacheriana, and whether book vi. was Halitgar 's work or that of a later editor — though in the time of Flodoard (893- 966) it already consisted of six books.
(K. MAURERf.) Bibliography: Consult beside the literature under ;Penitentials, Hauck, KD, ii. 731; J. C. F. Bahr, Geschichte der romischen Literatur im karolingischen Zeitalter, pp. 377 sqq., Carlsruhe, 1840; F. W. H. Wasserschleben, Die Bussordnungen der abendlandischen Kirche, pp. 80-82, Halle, 1851; H. J. Sehmitz, Die Bussbiicher und die Bussdisciplin der Kirche, pp. 719-733, Mainz, 1883.
HALL, ARTHUR CRAWSHAY ALLISTON : Protestant Episcopal bishop of Vermont; b. at Binfield (6 m. s.w. of Windsor), Berkshire, England, Apr. 12, 1847. He studied at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A., 1869), joined the Society of St. John the Evangelist (the Cowley Fathers), 1870, established a branch of the society in the diocese of Massachusetts, 1873; and later became provincial superior of the Cowley Fathers in America. He became curate of the Church of the Advent, Boston, 1874, priest-in-charge of the Mission Church of St. John the Evangelist in the same city, 1882; was recalled to England by his Order, 1892, and was a licensed preacher in the diocese of Oxford for a year, but in 1894, being released from his vows to the Cowley Fathers, was consecrated third bishop of the diocese of Vermont. In theology he belongs to the High-church school, and has written Confession and the Lambeth Conference (Boston, 1879); Example of the Passion: Five Meditations (New York, 1882); Notes for Meditation upon the Collects for the Sundays and Holy Days, i. (Milwaukee, 1887); The Virgin Mother (retreat addresses; New York, 1894); Christ's Temptation and Ours (Baldwin lectures; 1896); The Church's Discipline concerning Marriage and Divorce (1896); Confirmation (1900); Marriage with Relatives (1901); Instructions and Devotions on the Holy Communion (Milwaukee, 1902); Companion to the Prayer-Book (New York, 1902); The Use of Holy Scripture in the Public Worship of the Church (Paddock lectures; 1903); The Christian Doctrine of Prayer (Bohlen lectures; 1904); The Relations of Faith and Life (Bedell lectures; 1905); The Example of Our Lord, especially for His Ministers (1906); The Work of the Holy Spirit (Milwau-
kee, 1907); and Forgiveness of Sins (New York 1908).
Bibliography: W. S. Perry, The Episcopate in America p 363, New York, 1895.
HALL, CHARLES CUTHBERT: Presbyterian; b. in New York City Sept. 3, 1852; died there March 25, 1908. He was educated at Williams College (A.B., 1872), Union Theological Seminary (1872-74), and in London and Edinburgh (1875). He filled pastorates at the Union Presbyterian Church, Newburgh, N. Y. (1875-77), and at the First Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1877— 97) and was professor of homiletics in, and president of, Union Theological Seminary from 1897 till his death. He was Carew Lecturer at Hartford Theological Seminary (1890), Barrows Lecturer to India and the Far East under the auspices of the University of Chicago (1902-03, 1906-07), Haskell Lecturer on comparative religion at the University of Chicago (1903), Cole Lecturer at Vanderbilt University (1905), and William Belden Noble Lecturer at Harvard University (1906). Theologically he was in sympathy with liberal scholarship, while holding firmly the Evangelical position in matters of Christian belief. His elevated tone and deep spirituality drew toward him those of all creeds who loved purity and virtue. His courtly manners, gentle ways, and generous sympathies made him a model pastor and presiding officer. He was the author of: Into His Marvellous Light (Boston, 1892); Does God Send Trouble? (1894); The Children, the Church, and the Communion (1895); Qualifications for Ministerial Power (Hartford.Conn., 1895); The Gospel of the Divine Sacrifice (New York, 1896); Christian Belief Interpreted by Christian Experience (Barrows lectures; Chicago, 1905); The Redeemed Life After Death (1905); The Universal Elements of the Christian Religion (the Cole lectures; 1905); Christ and the Human Race (Noble lectures; Boston, 1906); and The Witness of the Oriental Consciousness to Jesus Christ (second series of the Barrows lectures; Chicago, 1908).
HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN: English Congregationalist; b. at Maidstone (8 m. e.s.e. of Rochester), Kent, May 22, 1816; d. at London Feb. 18, 1902. He was educated at Tottenridge and Highbury College (B.A., London University, 1841), and was minister of Albion Congregational Church, Hull (1842-54), and of Surrey Chapel, London (1854-92), the church being moved to Lambeth in 1876 and its name changed to Christ Church. From 1892 until his death he devoted himself to evangelistic work. While still at Hull, he became conspicuous for his zeal in the cause of total abstinence; and during the American Civil War he earnestly sought to secure English sympathy for the North. After the close of the war he made an extensive tour of the Northern United States, seeking to allay the popular bitterness then existing against Great Britain. He was the author of Come to Jesus (London, 1846; a tract of enormous popularity, reaching a circulation of several millions and translated into forty languages); It is / (184S; reaching a circulation of some 200,000); Antidote to Fear (1850); The Land of the Forum and the Vati-