RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hall Haller
far the most strenuous period of his life. His tendency toward excessive liberalism soon disappeared. The members of the church and congregation that were aggressively Socinian gradually withdrew. His ministry was thronged by professors and students of the university and by lovers of pulpit eloquence of all denominations. He soon gained recognition as the foremost preacher of the time, and in majesty of thought and expression and impressiveness of delivery it is doubtful whether he has ever heen surpassed. His Apology for Freedom of the Press (London, 1793) increased his popularity with lovers of liberty. His sermon on Modern Infidelity (Cambridge, 1800) passed through many editions and was regarded as the most powerful antidote to current skepticism of the French type. Successive attacks of extreme nervous prostration led to his resignation of the Cambridge pastorate in 1805. After a year of rest he accepted the charge of a church in Leicester, where for twenty years he ministered with remarkable power. In 1826 he accepted an often repeated call to the pastorate of Broadmead Church, Bristol, and spent the last five years of life amid the scenes of his earliest ministry. He followed in the footsteps of Robinson in his advocacy of open communion. His Works were collected in six volumes (London, 1832) and have been republished both in England and America.
A. H. Newman.
Bibliography: His biography by O. G. Gregory is in vol. vi. of the Works, ut sup. Consult also the Life by E. P. Hood, London, 1881, and DNB, xxiv. 85-87.
HALL, THOMAS CUMING: Presbyterian; b. at Armagh, County Armagh, Ireland, Sept. 25, 1858. He was educated at Princeton (A.B., 1879) and Union Theological Seminary (1882). He then studied in Berlin and Gottingen, after which he was pastor in Omaha (1883-86) and Chicago (1886-97). Since 1898 he has been professor of Christian ethics in Union Theological Seminary. He has written The Power of an Endless Life (Chicago, 1893); The Social Significance of the Evangelical Revival in England (New York, 1899); The Synoptic Gospels (1900); and John Hall, Pastor and Preacher: A Biography by his Son (Chicago, 1901).
HALL, SECT OF : A sect which appeared in 1248 at Schwabisch-Hall (in Wtirttemberg, 35 m. n.e. of Stuttgart). Albert of Stade, the only authority, gives the following summary of its tenets: " The pope is a heretic, and all bishops and prelates are simoniacs and heretics; the entire clergy, taken captive in vices and mortal sins, has neither power to bind and to loose nor to celebrate the mass nor to impose an interdict. All monks, especially Franciscans and Dominicans, lead a bad life and seduce the people by their preaching. Only the members of the sect and their preachers have the truth and prove it by their works. The pardon of sin which they offer comes therefore not from men but from God. One should pay no attention to the pope, but should pray for Emperor Frederick and his son Conrad who are perfect and righteous." Though it is asserted that Conrad favored them, they had to migrate to Bavaria on account of the opposition of the clergy. The characteristic belief regarding
the clergy shows affinity with the views of the Arnoldists and Waldensians, especially the Italian group, and renders it probable that the Hall sect had a similar character if not origin. Volter has shown a probability in favor of the view that the Epistola fratris Arnoldi and the Libellus Anonymi de Innocentio IV Antichristo refer to this heretical movement. In both of these writings there is an apocalyptic and a social train of thought closely akin to the prevalent Joachimistic notions, viz., the expectation of a judgment upon the hierarchy and the demand for a restoration of church property to the poor. The connection of the Hall sect with Arnold's ideas is not demonstrated; and the questions of the duration of the movement must remain unsettled. E. Lempp.
Bibliography: Sources are Annates Stadenses, in MGH, Script, xvi (1859), 371; Arnold, De correctione ecclesim epistola et anonymi de Innocentio IV., ed. E. Winkelmann, Berlin, 1865. Consult: C. Jager, Ueber die religiose Bewegung in den schwabischen Stadten, IV., i. 69— io7; Volter, in ZKG, iv (1881), 360 sqq.; Weller, in V ierteljahrshefte fur Landesgeschichte, vi (1897), 147 sqq.; cf. Bossert in Wurttembergische Kirchengeschichte, pp. 179 sqq., Stuttgart, 1893.
HALLEL: A name applied to certain psalms. It is derived from the phrase Halleluyah, " Praise ye Yah (weh)," found at the beginning of the individual psalms of the principal group, or at the end, or in both places. It is commonly given to the group Ps. cxiii.-cxviii.; less frequently it is applied to four groups, viz., civ.-cvii., cxi.-cxvii. (cxviii.), cxxxv.-cxxxvi., cxlvi.-cl., originally placed together, but later separated in the editing of the psalter. In later usage Ps. cxix. was included among the Hallels. The name " Great Hallel " was sometimes given to Ps. cxiii.-cxviii., sometimes to Ps. cxix.-cxxxvi., sometimes to Ps. cxxxvi. alone. To Ps. cxiii.-cxviii. was also given the name " Egyptian Hallel " on the alleged ground that they were chanted in the temple while the lambs for the Passover were being slaughtered. The Egyptian Hallel was doubtless originally a single composition, according to internal evidence of late date, written for some occasion of thanksgiving (according to tradition, the Feast of Dedication) and subsequently divided for liturgical use. The ancient practise was to recite it every morning during the Feast of Dedication, on the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, on Pentecost, at the Feast of Booths, and on the night of the Passover.
Bibliography: C. A. Briggs, Commentary on Psalms, i.,'pp. lxxviii.-lxxix., New York, 1907; J. W Thirtle, Old Testament Problems, ib. 1907; DB, ii. 287; EB, ii. 1942-43; JE, vi. 176-178.
HALLELUJAH. See Littjrgics, III.
HALLER, ALBRECHT VON: Swiss botanist, physiologist, and poet; b. at Bern Oct. 16, 1708; d. there Dec. 12, 1777. After a thorough medical training, first with a physician at Biel and then at Tubingen and Leyden, he returned to his native city in 1729 and speedily attracted general attention both by his poems and by his scientific attainments. In 1736 he accepted a call to the University of Gottingen, but returned in 1753 to Bern, where he held various offices of state. His verse is not devoid of the rationalism of his period, but the
Haller Hamann