RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hardenberg Hardt
jard, Correspondance des reformateurs, ix. 285, Paris, 1897, Consult: D. Gerdes, Hist, motuum ecclesiasticorum in Bremensi 1547-61, Groningen, 1756; C. A. Salig, Vollstandige Hietorie der augsburgischen Konfession, iii. 716-763, Halle, 1735; E. Wagner, Dr. Albert Hardenbergs im Dom zu Bremen gefuhretes Lehramt, Bremen, 1779; W. Schweckendieck, Dr. Albert Hardenberg, Emden 1859; B. Spiegel, Albert Rizaeus Hardenberg, Bremen 1869; H. Schmid, Der Kampf der lutherischen Kirche urn Luthers Lehre vom Abendmahl, pp. 186-194, Leipsic 1873; ADB, x. 558 sqq.
HARDING, STEPHEN: Third abbot of Citeaux; b. of parents in good position at Sherborne, Dorsetshire, England, early in the second half of the eleventh century; d. at Citeaux Mar. 28, 1134. He was educated in the monastery of Sherborne, and received the tonsure at Molesme, near Dijon, taking the name of Stephen. He became a rigid ascetic, and was one of the party which left Molesme in 1078 to found a new monastery at Citeaux and the Cistercian Order. In 1 1 10 he succeeded Alberic as abbot. The strictness of his rule repelled new members and the community steadily grew smaller, till in 1113 Bernard of Clairvaux (q.v.) with thirty of his friends came to the monastery and instituted the period of growth and prosperity of the order. Before Stephen's death the number of houses came to be about one hundred, of which he founded thirteen in person. His ability as an organizer was great he had influence with both ecclesiastical and eecular rulers, and he was the real founder of the Cistercians. Stephen resigned his office the year before he died. He drew up the Carta caritatis, which was confirmed by Pope Calixtus II. in 1119, and made a fine copy of the Bible for use at Citeaux, revising the Latin text by the help of certain Jews who explained the Hebrew to him. Two sermons are attributed to him, and two of his letters are preserved among the letters of Bernard (xlv., xlix.). See Cistercians.
Bibliogbaphy: Sources are: William of Malmesbury, De rebus gestis regum Anglorum, book iv., chaps. 334-337, ed. T. D. Hardy, 2 vols., London, 1840, Eng. transl., in Church Historians of England, vol. iv., ib. 1855; A. Duchesne, Histories Normannorum scriptores, pp. 711-714 Paris, 1619; W. Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, v. 220-226, London, 1849; ASB, Apr., ii. 496 sqq. Consult: Histoire litteraire de France, xi. 213 sqq.; L. Bourgain, La Chaire francaise au xii. siecle, p. 389, Paris, 1879; Helyot, Ordres monastiques, vol. v., chap, xxxiii.; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, i. 423 sqq., 429-430, 446, 452; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xiv. 230-232; KL, xi. 767-768; DNB, xxiv. 333-335.
HARDOUIN, ar"du'ah', JEAN: French Jesuit; b. at Quimper (36 m. s.s.e. of Brest), in Brittany, 1646; d. in Paris Sept. 3, 1729. He early entered the Society of Jesus, in which he remained sixtyseven years. He wrote at first on numismatics. In 1693 he stated in a treatise that nearly all the classics had been written in the thirteenth century by monks under the guidance of a certain Severus Archontius. In a treatise, De numrnis Herodiadum, he held that Herod was an Athenian, a pagan, and Platonist, and in his commentary on the New Testament he stated that Jesus and the apostles had preached in Latin. The authorities of his order required him to recant his errors, and he submitted, but retained his convictions. He is most worthy of remembrance for his editions of Themistius in Greek and Latin (Paris, 1684), and of Pliny the
Elder (1685, 5 vols., inusum Delphini; revised, 1723, 3 vols.), which is still the m:st prized edition of this author. In his Conciliorum collectio regia maxima (12 vols., Paris, 1715), he described all the church councils from 34 to 1714, including more than twenty councils whose history had not been published before. Of his numerous other works may be mentioned Chronologia Veteris Testamenti ad vulgatam versionem exacta et nummis antiquis illustrata (Paris, 1677); Paraphrase de I'Ecclesiaste (1729); Commentarius in Novum Testamentum (Amsterdam, 1742). A part of his manuscripts was published after his death by the Abbe d'Olivet, under the title Opera varia (Amsterdam, 1733).
(C. Pfender.)
Bibliography: L. E. Dupin, Bibliotheque des auteurs ecclesiastiques, xix. 109, 35 vols., Paris, 1698-1711; A. and A. de Backer, Bibliotheque des ecrivains de la compagnie de Jesus, ii. 32-48, Liege, 1872; KL, v. 1501-04; Lichtenberger, ESR, vi. 85-87.
HARDT, hart, HERMANN VON DER: German orientalist, exegete, and historian; b. at Melle (62 m. s.s.w. of Bremen) Nov. 15, 1660; d. at Helmstedt Feb. 28, 1746. His parents had settled at Melle as refugees from the religious persecution in Holland. He was educated at the gymnasia of Herfurt, Osnabriick, and Coburg, and at the University of Jena, where he studied theology and Oriental languages, and took his master's degree in 1683, when he was appointed privat-docent. In 1686 he went to Leipsic, where he established himself as privat-docent in Oriental and classical languages. There he came into contact with Valentin Alberti, who had interested a number of theological students in a deeper and more practical study of the Bible. In order to become better acquainted with the new movement, Hardt went to Dresden and spent a year with Philipp Jacob Spener, and he then resolved to become an expounder of the Scriptures. On the recommendation of Spener, he went to Kaspar Hermann Sandhagen, the famous superintendent of Ltineburg, in order to prepare himself better for his vocation. There he met Rudolf August, duke of Brunswick, who took a lively interest in him, received him into his service as librarian and secretary in 1688, and had him appointed professor of Oriental languages at the University of Helmstedt in 1690. Their friendship ceased only with the duke's death in 1704.
This professorship opened an avenue to Hardt for an extensive literary activity. At the same time his attitude changed in regard to the Bible and Pietism; and under the influence of Thomasius (q.v.) his rationalism became so pronounced that he was censured by the official visitors to the university, and in 1713 forbidden longer to deliver exegetical lectures on the Old Testament. He disregarded this order, however, and complications followed which ended in his retirement as professor (1727), altho he was permitted to act as sublibrarian for the university. A later publication on Job brought on him another and more severe censure, and this decided him to devote his energies thenceforth to investigations of the history of the Reformation and of the Council at Basel. These were never published, but the manuscripts are preserved in the
Hardwick Harkavy