THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER: Protestant Episcopalian; b. at Newbern, N. C, June 10, 1798; d. in New York Sept. 26, 1866. He attended the University of North Carolina (B.A., 1815), studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1819. He was appointed reporter of the supreme court of the State, and elected to the State legislature in 1823. After studying theology under William Mercer Green he entered the ministry in 1827 In Apr., 1829, he became assistant to Dr. Harry Croswell at Trinity Church, New Haven, Conn., but went to Philadelphia a few months later as assistant minister at St. James's. He was elected professor of divinity at Washington (now Trinity) College, Hartford, Conn., in 1830, and rector of St. Stephen's, New York, in Mar., 1831. The following December he became rector of St. Thomas', New York, and soon came to be regarded as the most eloquent pulpit orator of his denomination. He resigned in 1843, as a result of financial difficulties incident to the failure of St. Thomas' Hall, a school for boys established by Hawks at Flushing, L. I., in 1836. He was subsequently rector of Christ Church, New Orleans (1844-49), and of Calvary Church, New York (1849-62). On account of his sympathy for the South, he resigned his charge in 1862 and went to Baltimore as rector of Christ Church; but returned to New York in 1865 as rector of the newly established parish of the Holy Savior. He was appointed historiographer of his denomination in 1835, and three times declined an election to the episcopate. Aside from his law reports, his principal works are: Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States (2 vols., New York, 1836-39), dealing with the early church in Virginia and Maryland; Commentary on the Constitution and Canons of the Protestant Episcopal Church (1841) ; Auricular Confession (1849) ; and, in collaboration with W S. Perry, Documentary History of the Protestant Episcopal Church (2 vols., 1862-63). He also contributed largely to The New York Review and Quarterly Church Journal (10 vols., 1837-42), of which he was one of the founders.
Bibliography: W. S. Perry, Hist, of the American Episcopal Church, consult Index, 2 vols., Boston, 1885; C. C. Tiffany, in American Church History Series, pp. 448, 477, New York, 1895; National Cyclopcedia of American Biography, vii. 90, ib. 1897; Appleton's Cyclopmdia of American Biography, iii. 121-122, ib. 1898.
HAWLEY, GIDEON: American Congregationalism missionary to the Indians; b. at Bridgeport, Conn., Nov. 11, 1727; d. at Marshpee, Mass., Oct. 3, 1807 He was graduated at Yale in 1749, entered the ministry, and, under the direction of Jonathan Edwards, began missionary work among the Indians at Stockbridge, Mass., in 1752. In 1753 he was sent by the commissioners of Indian affairs to establish a mission among the Iroquois on the Susquehanna, but was obliged by the French and Indian war to abandon this work in May, 1756. He then went to Boston and enlisted as chaplain in Colonel Richard Gridley's regiment. On Apr. 10, 1758, he was installed pastor over the Indians at Marshpee, Mass., and spent the rest of his life, nearly half a century, in work among the tribes there.
HAZAEL : A king of Damascus reigning about 850 b.c. The name (Assyr. Hazailu; Septuagint AzaeT) means " God has seen." He was sent by Benhadad, his predecessor on the throne of Damascus, to consult Elisha concerning Benhadad 's sickness, and received from the prophet the announcement of Benhadad's death and of his own elevation to the throne (II Kings viii. 7-15). According to I Kings xix. 15 Elijah had already received a commission from Yahweh to anoint Hazael king of Syria; but there is no record that the commission was executed. The day after Hazael's return, Benhadad died a violent death. Joram of Israel and Ahaziah of Judah leagued themselves against Hazael to recapture Ramoth-gilead which was occupied by the Syrians, but were defeated (II Kings viii. 28, ix. 15). From Jehu, Joram's murderer and successor, Hazael took all Israel's trans- Jordanic provinces (II Kings x. 32 sqq.) and treated the inhabitants with great cruelty (Amos i. 3 sqq.). He assailed 'Judah, but was diverted from marching against Jerusalem by the tribute sent him by King Jehoahaz (II Kings xii. 18). Hazael, who ruled at least forty-five years, was followed by his son Benhadad, out of whose hand Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz took again the cities which had been taken from Jehoahaz (II Kings xiii. 24 sqq.). In the cuneiform inscriptions it is stated that Hazael was twice (in 842 and 839 b.c.) attacked by Shalmaneser II. In these wars Jehu, king of Israel, Hazael's opponent, sided with the Assyrians (E. Schrader, Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung, pp. 372 sqq., Giessen, 1878, 372 sqq., 358; see Jehu). Josephus reports that to Azaelos and his predecessor Ader (Benhadad) divine honors were paid in Damascus.
Bibliography: J. F. McCurdy, History, Prophecy and the Monuments, vol. i., §§ 236, 241 sqq., New York, 1894; Schrader, KAT, pp. 265-266 et passim; idem, CIOT, i. 191-201; H. Winckler, Alttestamentliche Untersuchungen, pp. 64-66, Leipsic, 1892; DB, ii. 312-313; EB, ii. 1975; JE, vi. 279-280; and the appropriate sections in the works on the history of Israel named under Ahab.
HE AND SHE BIBLES. See Bible Versions, B, IV., § 9.
HEADLAM, ARTHUR CAYLEY: Church of England; b. atWhorlton (32 m. n.w. of York), Durham, Aug. 2, 1862. He was educated at New College, Oxford (B.A., 1885), and was ordained priest in 1889. He was fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford (1885- 1897), and chaplain (1888-96), and theological lecturer in Oriel and Queen's Colleges (1888-93) and Trinity College (1895-96). He was rector of Welwyn, Hertfordshire, (1896-1903), and in 1903 was chosen principal of King's College, London. He was examining chaplain to the bishop of Southwell (1891-1904), and elect preacher to the University of Oxford (1899-1901). He has written Ecclesiastical Sites in Isauria (London, 1893); Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (in collaboration with W Sanday; 1895); Teaching of the Russian Church (1897); The Dates of the New Testament Books (1902) ; and Sources and Authority of Dogmatic Theology (1903).
HEALY, JOHN: Roman Catholic archbishop of Tuam, Ireland; b. at Ballinafad (16 m. s.e. of Sligo),