RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hawaiian Islands Hawker
Sketch of the Missions of A. B. C. F. M. in the Sandwich Islands, ib. 1876; P. Tournaford, Havai; hist, de I'etablissement du Catholicisme, Paris, 1877; L. F. Judd, Honolulu; Sketches of Life, social, political and religious, New York, 1881; T. Coan, Life in Hawaii, ib. 1882; W. D. Alexander, Brief Hist, of the Hawaiian People, ib. 1892; T. Achelis, Ueber Mythologie und Cultus von Hawaii, Brunswick, 1895; B. M. Brain, Transformation of Hawaii, New York, 1899; C. Whitney, Hawaiian America, ib. 1899; I . Young, The Real Hawaii, ib. 1899; A. S. Twombly, Hawaii and its People, London, 1900; Encyclopedia of Missions, pp. 289-291, New York, 1904; W. F. Blackman, The Making of Hawaii, ib. 1906; C. W. Baldwin, Geography of the Hawaiian Islands, ib., 1908.
HAWAWEENY, RAPHAEL: Syrian Greek Orthodox; b. at Damascus, Syria, Nov. 8, 1860. He was educated at the Syrian Greek Orthodox College of his native city, and the theological seminaries of Hand Halki (near Constantinople) and Kiev, Russia. After being teacher of Arabic, Greek, and Turkish at the college in Damascus (1877-79), he was deacon preacher of the patriarchate of Antioch (1886-88), archimandrite abbot of the Antioch Monastery, Moscow (1889-92), lecturer in Arabic at the theological seminary at Kazan, Russia (1893- 1895), and archimandrite of the Syrian Greek Orthodox mission in North America (1895-1904). In 1904 he was consecrated bishop of Brooklyn for all the Syrian Greek Orthodox Christians in North America. He has translated from Russian into Arabic " The Errors of the Papistical Church " (Kazan, 1893), and written: " The History of the Antioch Monastery at Moscow " (Russian, Moscow, 1891); " History of the Greek Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher in Palestine " (Arabic, Cairo, 1893); " History of the Christian Church " (Arabic, Kazan, 1894); " Refutation of the Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII." (Arabic, 1895); and " Prayer-Book of the Greek Orthodox Church " (Arabic, New York, 1898).
HAWEIS, he'is, HUGH REGINALD: Church of England; b. at Egham (3 m. s.e. of Windsor), Surrey, Apr. 3, 1838; d. at London Jan. 29, 1901. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1861), and was curate of St. Peter's, Stepney, from 1861 to 1863, and of St. James the Less, Westminster, from 1863 to 1866, while from 1866 until his death he was perpetual curate of St. James, Marylebone, where he was the successor of F. D. Maurice (q.v.). He was one of the leaders of the Broad-church party in the Church of England, and in 1860 took part in the Italian campaigns of Garibaldi against the pope. Like his predecessor, he was deeply interested in the welfare of the lower classes, instituting special Sunday evening services for them. Among his numerous publications, special mention may be made of his Music and Morals (London, 1871); Thoughts for the Times (1872); Vnsectarian Family Prayers (1874); Speech in Season (1874); Ashes to Ashes (an argument for cremation; 1874); Current Coin (1876); Arrows in the Air (1878); Poets in the Pulpit (1880); Key of Doctrine and Practice (1884); Winged Words : or, Truths Retold (1 885 ) ; Christ and Christianity (5 vols . , 1886-87); The Dead Pulpit (1896); Ideals for Girls (1897); and The Child's Life of Jesus (1901).
HAWKER, ROBERT: Church of England; b. at Exeter Apr. 13, 1753; d. at Plymouth Apr. 6, 1827 Following his father, he adopted surgery as his pro-
fession, and spent three years as assistant surgeon in the Royal Marines. In May, 1778, he entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, took holy orders, and became curate of Charles, near Plymouth, in Dec, 1778, succeeding to the vicarage of Charles in 1784. In 1797 he became deputy-chaplain of the garrison at Plymouth. In 1802 he founded the Great Western Society for Dispensing Religious Tracts among the Poor in the Western District, and in 1813 he established the Corpus Christi Society in his parish. He became one of the most popular extemporaneous preachers in England, and on the occasion of his annual visits to London preached to crowded congregations in the leading churches. In theology he was a high Calvinist. The list of his works, some of which passed through many editions, occupies six columns in the British Museum catalogue. The best known are: Sermons on the Divinity of Christ (London, 1792); The Poor Man's Morning Portion (London, 1809); The Poor Man's Commentary on the New Testament (4 vols., 1816); The Poor Man's Evening Portion (1819); and The Poor Man's Commentary on the Old Testament (6 vols., 1822). His Works, exclusive of the two commentaries, were edited, with a Memoir, by John Williams (10 vols., 1831).
Bibliography: Besides the Memoir by Williams, ut sup., consult: G. C. Boase and W. P. Courtney, Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, passim, 3 vols., London, 1874-82; DNB, xxv. 201.
HAWKER, ROBERT STEPHEN: English clergyman, poet, and antiquary, grandson of Robert Hawker (q.v.); b. at Stoke Damerel (2 m. n. of Plymouth) Dec. 3, 1803; d. at Plymouth Aug. 15, 1875. He was educated at the Cheltenham grammar-school, and at Pembroke College and Magdalen Hall, Oxford (B.A., 1828; M.A., 1836). In 1827 he won the Newdigate prize by a poem on Pompeii, which subsequently secured him preferment through Bishop Phillpotts. In Dec, 1834, he was instituted to the vicarage of Morwenstow, on the northwest coast of Cornwall, and in 1851 he was instituted to the adjoining vicarage of Wellcombe. During a ministry of forty years in this wild region he did much good, particularly for seafaring men. In theology he held essentially the views of the Tractarians; and shortly before his death he was received into the Roman Catholie Church. As a poet he is likely to have a place in English literature. His ballads are simple and direct, and have the true flavor of antiquity. His most famous composition is the ballad Trelawny, which, published anonymously as an ancient ballad, deceived even such experts as Scott and Dickens. The most important collections of his poems are: Ecclesia (Oxford, 1840); Reeds Shaken with the Wind (London, 1843); Echoes from Old Cornwall (1846); The Quest of the Sangraal (Exeter, 1864); and Cornish Ballads (London,1869). His Poetical Works have been edited by J. G. Godwin (1879; also ed. A. Wallis, 1899), as also his Prose Works (1893).
Bibliography: F. G. Lee, Memorials of . . . Rev. R. S. Hawker, London, 1876; S. Baring-Gould, Vicar of Morwenstow, Memoir of R. S. Hawker, ib. 1875 (this ed. was severely criticized in the Athenceum, Mar. 26, 1876, and was withdrawn from the market and new editions issued. 1876)' G C. Boase and W. P. Courtney, Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, i. 220-222, iii. 1222-23, 3 vols., ib. 1874-82; DNB, xxv. 202-203.
Hawks
Heart, Biblical Usage