RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Havelock Hawaiian Islands
St. Nicholas, Worcester. She attended a private school at Worcester, and afterward spent a year in the Luisenschule, Diisseldorf, Germany, attaining proficiency in several modern languages, and also in Greek and Hebrew, which she learned in order to be able to read the Bible in the original. She began writing verse at the age of seven, and soon her poems found their way into Good Words and other religious periodicals. Her hymns, for which she also furnished the tunes, are now included in all collections, the most familiar being the deeply suggestive consecration hymn, " Take my life and let it be." Her own life was spent in doing aggressive religious and philanthropic work, and in singing the love of God and the way of salvation. She published several collections of poems and hymns, including: The Ministry of Song (London, 1870); Under the Surface (1874); Loyal Responses (1878); and Under His Shadow (1879). Her prose writings include: Morning Bells and Little Pillows (1875); My King (1877); Kept for the Master's Use (1879); and Swiss Letters (1881). Her Poetical Works were edited by her sister, M. V G. Havergal (2 vols., 1884). Bibliography: Her Letters were edited by her sister, M. V. G. Havergal, London, 1885. Consult: M. V G. Havergal, Memorials of Frances Ridley Havergal, ib. 1880; E. Davies, Frances Ridley Havergal; Sketch of her Life, Reading, Mass., 1884; S. W. Duffield, English Hymns, pp. 189 et passim, New York, 1886; Miss L. B. Earle, Miss Havergal's Story, Boston, 1887; M. V. G. Havergal, Autobiography, with Journals and Letters, London, 1887; G. F. Bushnell, Miss Havergal's Secret, New York, 1894; C. Bullock, The Sisters . Frances Ridley Havergal, Maria V. G. Havergal, London, 1896; N. Smith, Hymns historically Famous, chap, xxvii., Chicago, 1901; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 496-498.
HAVILAH. See Ophir.
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
Area, Population, Extent First Missionary Work
(§ 1). (§ 3).
History (§ 2). Missions, 1827-62 (§ 4).
Missions since 1862 (§ 5).
The Hawaiian Islands are a group of five large and three small volcanic islands in the north Pacific
Ocean, latitude 18°50'-23°5' north, and i. Area, longitude 154°40'-160°50' west, ex- Population, tending from northwest to southeast Extent, for 350 miles, and having a total land
area of 5,900 square miles, and a population (1900) of 154,001. Hawaii, the largest and most southern of the islands, is 70 by 90 miles in extent; area, 4,015 square miles; population (1900), 46,843; elevation, 13,835 feet. Maui, midway between Hawaii and Oahu, is 48 miles long, and from 8 to 25 miles wide; area, 620 square miles; population (1900), 24,797; elevation, 10,000 feet. Lanai (area, 135 square miles) and Kahulawe (area, 69 square miles) are two small islands near Maui. Molokai, 8 miles northwest, is 40 by 7 miles in extent; area, 190 square miles; population (1900), 2,504. Oahu, 23 miles north of Molokai, is 46 by 25 miles in extent; area, 530 square miles; population (1900), 58,504. Honolulu, the capital and largest city of the group, is located on the southeast coast. Seventy-eight miles northwest is Kauai, 25 by 22 miles in extent; area, 544 square miles; population (1900), 20,562. At the extreme north of the group and west of Kauai is the small island
of Niihau; area, 97 square miles; population (1900), 172. Distances from various world-ports are: San Francisco, 2,100 miles; Panama, 4,720 miles; Fiji, 2,700; Samoa, 2,290; Auckland, 3,810; Hongkong, 4,920; Yokohama, 3,400; Guam, 3,300; Manila via n.e. cape, 4,890.
The islands were discovered in 1542 by Juan Gae-
tano, a Spanish navigator, and rediscovered by
Captain James Cook on Jan. 18, 1778.
2. History. He estimated the population to be about 350,000. The Hawaiian people were probably of Aryan stock, migrating from central Asia through India, Sumatra, and Java, and scattering through the various island-groups of the South Pacific. The first known arrival was in the sixth century, when a chief named Nanaula came with a party from Tahiti and Samoa, followed by others, bringing with them their priests and gods, with all their attendant evils of polygamy, infanticide, the offering of human sacrifices, and a most oppressive taboo system. During the tenth and eleventh centuries communication with the south was frequent, but near the close of the twelfth century it ceased. Then came Gaetano in 1542, followed by other white men at infrequent intervals, till with the visit of Captain Cook, in 1778, and his revisit, Jan. 17, 1779, which ended in his tragic death at Kaawaloa, Feb. 14, 1779, the Hawaiian Islands began their part in the history of the world. At this time they were a number of independent principalities, under feudal authority; during the next few years rival chiefs were continually fighting for supremacy. These wars culminated in a victory for Kamehameha, a chief of Hawaii, in 1795, and he became ruler of the united islands under the title of Kamehameha I. He thoroughly organized the government, encouraging agriculture and all known industries, while vigorously suppressing robbery and murder, and forbidding the offering of human sacrifices. He nevertheless maintained the most rigid ceremonial etiquette, and enforced the taboo. On his death, in 1819, his son, Liholiho, succeeded him as Kamehameha II., and he carried to a greater extent the reforms begun by his father. With the strong influence of the dowager queen and the high priest back of him, he decreed the destruction of temples and idols, and abolished the taboo. Thus were the people in the peculiar position of being without a religion. At this time the population numbered not more than 150,000, and the numerous abandoned villages gave the impression that fully twothirds of the people had disappeared. The prevalence of new and virulent diseases, the wars of Kamehameha I., and the practise of human sacrifice and infanticide, all contributed to this result.
Interest in these islands had been awakened in
1810 by the arrival in New England of several
Hawaiian boys who had escaped from
3. First the tribal wars of Kamehameha I.
Missionary Among them was Henry Obookaiah, Work, who, becoming a Christian, earnestly desired an education that he might go back and teach his people. He made an attempt to reduce the Hawaiian language to writing, beginning a spelling-book, dictionary, and grammar, and
Hawaiian Islands Hawker