RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Henke
Henry of Kalkar
HENRY OF CLAIRVAUX: Abbot of Clairvaux, cardinal bishop of Albano; b. at Marcy, near Cluny; d. at Arras Jan. 1, 1189. He joined the Cistercians at Clairvaux in 1156, and was made abbot of the monastery in 1176. He had already taken part in an undertaking against the Cathari (see New Manicheans, II.). In compliance with his request, he was called to attend the council of 1179, and against his expectation was made a cardinal there. He took part in 1181 in the campaign against the Cathari, in which the fortress Lavour was taken. Finally he was active in bringing about the third crusade. Through his efforts a reconciliation took place between the Emperor Frederick I. and Archbishop Philip of Cologne, as well as between the kings of England and France. At the "Tag Gottes," at Mainz in 1188, he finally induced the Emperor Frederick to take the cross. He did not live to see the beginning of the crusade. His importance in church history rests on the fact that he favored ardently the use of force and all worldly power to extirpate heresy, and helped to make them an essential factor in church policy.
S. M. Deutsch.
Bibliography: His letters and fragments of a work are given in MPL, cciv. 215-402; other notices are found in the Chronicon Claraevallense, MPL, clxxxv. 1247-52. Consult: Histoire litteraire de la France, xiv. 451-462; H. Reuter, Geschichte Alexanders III., vol. iii., Leipsic, 1864; W. von Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vols, v., vi., Brunswick, 1874; KL, v. 1701-03.
HENRY OF CLUNY. See Henry of Lausanne.
HENRY OF GHENT, (called in Latin, Henricus a Gandavo, Henricus Gandavensis, Henricus Mudanus; and sometimes Hendrik Goethals): Archdeacon of Tournai; b. at Mude (a village near Ghent) about 1217; d. either at Paris or at Tournai (35 m. s.w. of Ghent) 1293. In 1276 he was a famous teacher in Paris, where he held a disputation on de quolibet, and in 1277-78 he was archdeacon of Tournai. These are the only certain data concerning him, although medieval historians and Servite authors add many unauthentic details. It is not probable that he was a member of a mendicant order, since he sided with the secular clergy in the controversy concerning the right of these orders to hear confession. As shown by his works, the Quodlibeta and the Summa theologice, he was a realist and a Platonist, if such a statemen tmay be made of one who scarcely knew Plato in the original and thought that the tenets of Plato and Aristotle were essentially the same. Though ranked among the great scholastics and much read, he never founded a school.
(R. Schmid.)
Bibliography: F. Huet, Recherches historiques sur la vie . . de Henri de Gand . , Ghent, 1838; K. Werner,
Heinrich von Gent, ein Reprasentant des christlichen Platanismus, Vienna, 1878; F. Ehrle, in Archiv fur Litteratur wnd Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters, vol. i., 1885; H. Delehaye, Nouvelles recherches sur Henri de Gand, Ghent, 1886; A. Wauters, Sur les documents apocryphes qui concernaient Henri de Gand, Brussels, 1888.
HENRY OF HUNTINGDON: English historian; b. c. 1084; d. 1155. He was brought up in the household of Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln, and was made archdeacon of Huntingdon in 1109 or 1110. In 1139 he visited Rome with Archbishop Theobald. On his way he stopped at the monastery
of Bee, making the acquaintance there of Robert de Monte (de Torigny), the Norman historian, who drew his attention to the Historia Britonum of Geoffrey of Monmouth. This circumstance, added to a request from Alexander, bishop of Linpoln, led him to write his well-known Historia Anglorum, covering the period from 55 B.C. to 1154 a.d. The work was first printed in H. Savile's Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam (London, 1596), reprinted at Frankfort in 1601, also in MPL, exev. 799-978, and edited by T. Arnold in the Rolls Series (London, 1879). An English translation by T. Forester will be found in Bohn's Antiquarian Library, vol. xxi. (London, 1853). A letter by Henry, De contemptu mundi, is reprinted in E. L. d'Achery's Spicilegium, vol. iii. (Paris, 1723), pp. 503- 507, in MPL, exev. 979-990, and in Arnold's edition of the history.
Bibliography: T. D. Hardy, in the Introduction to the Monumenla historica Britannica (which contains his chronicles), London, 1848; T. Wright, Biographia Britannica literaria, ii. 167-173, ib. 1846; F. Liebermann, in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, xviii (1878), 267-295; DNB, xxvi. 118-119.
HENRY OF KALKAR (HEINRICH AEGER or EGER): Carthusian; b. at Kalkar (55 m. n.w. of Dusseldorf) 1328; d. at Cologne Dec. 20, 1408. He studied theology and philosophy in Paris, and afterward received a canonical prebend on the St. George's foundation at Cologne and Kaiserswerth. In 1365 he resigned this position and entered the Carthusian Order at Cologne. On account of his erudition and earnest piety he was selected to direct sundry houses of the order, being prior at Munickhuizen, near Arnheim, 1367-72, at Roermund 1372-77, at Cologne 1377-84, and at Strasburg 1384-96. Because of bodily infirmity he then returned to the cloister in Cologne. For twenty years he was visitator of the order's Rhenish province, and five times he was definitor in its general chapter.
Henry was renowned as a fervent adorer of Mary, whom he extolled in poems, and whose rosary devotions he introduced far and wide. He had an exceptional influence upon the spiritual awakening and the conversion of Geert Groote (q.v.), the founder of Brothers of the Common Life, who spent considerable time with him. This accounts for the similarity in thought between Henry and Groote and his followers, and also for the fact that he has been thought the author of the Imitatio of Thomas El Kempis.
Henry's writings, often copied with those of the Brothers, particularly Thomas, have not yet been collected. They are: (1) De ortu ac progressu (or decursu) ordinis Carthusiani (1398); Hartzheim saw the original in the Cologne library (no. 117); a copy is also in the Darmstadt library (no. 819) and at Munster (no. 171); the chronicle no. 517 in Vienna is also doubtless the same work. (2) Loquagium de rhetorica for the Carthusians at Utrecht, where an extract is still preserved (mss. 251 med. wvi eccles.). (3) Cantuagium de musica. (4) De continentiis el distinctione scientiarum. (5) Epistolm varies ad diversos. (6) Sermones capitulares breves; Epistolm el sermones in a manuscript of 1483, in the library at Munster (171). (7) Scala spiritualis exercitii per modum orationis. (8) De holocausto quotidiano spiritualis exercitii (found by De Vooys in Mainz). (9) Liber exhortationis ad Petrum quendam Carthusim Confluentim religiosum. (10) Modus faciendi collationes more Carthusiano. In print there are only: (1) Psalterium seu rosarium
Henry of Langren stein Henry