THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
oners, deposition of the high priest Josar, and expulsion of the Gentiles. A further demand was punishment of those who had urged the death of the persons who had led in the destruction of the eagle over the gate of the temple. To some of these demands Archelaus could not make definite answer, and by temporizing exhausted the patience of the population, at the time augmented by the Passover pilgrims. Some of his guards were attacked, and a melee was precipitated in which some 3,000 people fell in the streets. He went to Rome with Nicolas of Damascus as his advocate, where he, Antipas, Philip, and deputations of Jews who asked for direct Roman rule as against the Herods pleaded their causes before Augustus. The emperor sustained the will, except in some small particulars and in withholding the title of king and substituting that of ethnarch until Archelaus should prove his fitness for it. While Archelaus was away the spirit of discontent spread throughout the land, and a succession of fanatics, brigands, would-be messiahs, and aspirants for the kingship involved nearly the whole country with the Romans, who plundered the temple treasury. Archelaus inherited from his father a love for beautiful buildings, and the wars had destroyed so much that he had ample scope for restoration. He rebuilt the palace at Jericho and built a new city which he called Archelais (12 m. n. of Jericho), after himself. His conduct was violent, arbitrary, and capricious, especially in his frequent removal of the high priests. He outraged public opinion seriously by marrying Glaphyra, the widow of his half-brother Alexander, to whom she had borne children, while at her marriage with Archelaus her first husband was still living. After nine years of the rule of Archelaus the Jews exposed the barbarousness and tyranny of his dealings to Augustus, who, in 6 a.d., banished him to Vienne in Gaul, sequestrated his property, and annexed his dominions to the province of Syria.
Herod Antipas (4 b.c-39 a.d.), also a son of Herod by Malthace, was given Galilee and Persa
and the title of ethnarch by his 2. Herod father's will. He is improperly called Antipas. king in Mark vi. 14, possibly as a
reflection of the popular terminology, and correctly ethnarch in Matt. xiv. 1, Luke hi. 19. He preserved the peace in his dominions, was tolerated by Augustus, and was a favorite with Tiberius. Inheriting with his brothers a fondness for display, especially in public buildings, he restored Sepporis, the capital of Galilee, and built Tiberias near the hot springs of Emmaus and erected there a palace. As part of the site was on a burial ground it was unclean for the Jews, who refused to settle there. It was therefore largely settled by foreigners and Hellenized. He rebuilt Livias, afterward Julias, on the site of Beth-haram, and adorned Macharus, east of the Dead Sea. Excessively cunning (cf. Luke xiii. 32), shrewd and astute, a pagan at heart, he was superstitious and sensitive. In 27 a.d. he went to Rome, saw there the beautiful and ambitious Herodias, his own niece and already the wife of his half-brother. Herod Philip, and although he had a wife living, he proposed marriage to her. By
divorcing his wife, the daughter of Aretas, and marrying Herodias he aroused the anger and caused the denunciation of John the Baptist and inflamed with anger Aretas, by whom some years afterward he was disastrously defeated (36 a.d.). When Jesus was brought before him for judgment, according to Luke xxiii. 7-15, he avoided pronouncing decision probably having in mind his own mental suffering after his execution of the Baptist. On the advice of the ambitious Herodias, Antipas went to Rome to sue for the title of king. Agrippa anticipated his arrival there with charges of disloyalty to Caesar in that he had provided equipment for 70,000 men in Galilee. This was really intended for a war of revenge on Aretas; but Caligula would hear no explanation, banished him to Lyons, and gave his territory to Agrippa (39 a.d.).
Herod Philip (4 b.c-34 a.d.), son of Herod by Cleopatra, received Batanea, Trachonitis, Auranitis,
Gaulanitis, Panias, and Iturea, aregion
3. Herod large in area but poor in resources and
Philip. inhabited by a mixed population of
Greeks, Arabs, and Syrians, with Scythopplis as the capital. Philip was, however, the worthiest of the sons of Herod and the man for a difficult place. For his people he did the best possible economically and administratively. The result was an age of peace and prosperity during the thirty-seven years of his rule altogether new to his people. Like all the Herods, he was un-Jewish in his tastes, he employed images on his coins, and built shrines for Greek deities. He made his capital at Panias, where he built Ca?sarea Philippi, enlarged Bethsaida and called it Julias after the daughter of Augustus. He was only once married, to Salome, daughter of Herodias. At his death his territories were included in the province of Syria, and in 37 given to Agrippa.
Herod Agrippa I. (37 a.d.-44 a.d.), son of Aristobulus by Bernice, Herod's niece and daughter of
Salome, and grandson of Herod the 4, Agrippa I. Great and Mariamne the Maccabee,
lived in Rome till 37 a.d., when Caligula came to the imperial throne. He had married Cypros, who bore to him Agrippa II., Drusus, Bernice, Mariamne, and Drusilla, had had a checkered career, been dissipated, exhausted his means, borrowed recklessly, become an adventurer, but had the good fortune to become the friend of Caligula. The imprudently expressed wish that Tiberius might be succeeded by Caligula was reported to Tiberius, who thereupon threw him into prison. Six months later (37 a.d.) Caligula succeeded Tiberius, and to Agrippa were given the tetrarchies of Philip and Lysanias (cf. J. H. A. Ebrard, Gospel History, Edinburgh, 1869, pp. 143-146). In 40 a.d. by his astuteness and influence he induced the mad Caligula, just then bent on setting his statue in the temple at Jerusalem, by force if necessary, to forego his design, and thus a collision between Jews and Romans was avoided. On the assassination of Caligula in 41 Agrippa was able to render timely and valuable aid to Claudius and was rewarded by the addition of Judea and Samaria to his dominions, when he became the ruler of a domain as large :is his grandfather's. His reign lasted but three years