THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
became a convert to the Roman Catholic faith. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1847, and for two years was vice-principal of the Cathedral Collegiate Institute, Charleston, S. C. From 1850, when he entered the Redemptorist Order, until 1858 he was a missioner, and in the latter year was dispensed from his vows to enable him to enter the newly established Congregation of St. Paul the Apostle. In 1865 he was appointed professor of philosophy, theology, and Holy Scripture in the Paulist Seminary, New York City. Besides editing the Catholic World from 1869 to 1874, he wrote Reasons for Submitting to the Catholic Church (Charleston, S. C,
1846); Life of Princess Borghese (New York, 1856V Life of Dumoulin-Borie (1857); Life of Rev. Francis A. Baker (1865); Problems of the Age, with Studies in St. Augustine on Kindred Topics (1868); Liqht in Darkness : A Treatise on the Obscure Night of the Soul (1871); and The King's Highway: or, The Catholic Church the Only Way of Salvation as revealed in the Scriptures (1874). He also translated A. Bresciani's Life of the Egyptian Aloysius: or, the Little Angel of the Copts (New York, 1865).
HEXAPLA.
Origen.
See Bible Versions, A, I., 1, § 4;
HEXATEUCH.
Names (§1).
Contents (§ 2).
External Testimony to the Authorship (§ 3).
Internal Testimony (§ 4).
Early Theories of Composition (§5).
Development of the Documentary Hypothesis (§ 6).
Analysis Illustrated and Justified (§7).
[The symbols J, E, JE, PD, used in this article, represent writers or schools of writers who, according to the critical hypothesis, produced the documents from which the Hexateuch was compiled. Thus J represents a document referred to the ninth century B.C.; E, one referred to the eighth century; JE to their union in one strand in the early part of the seventh century; D, to the product of a school working in the last half of the seventh and later, producing Deuteronomy and several of the historical books; P, a series of documents partly narrative, partly legal, assigned to the fifth and fourth centuries. For fuller explanation see Hebrew Language and Literature, II., § 5.]
The Hexateuch is the name given to the first six books of the Bible as a whole, the first five of which
are called the Pentateuch. The Old i. Names. Testament names for the Pentateuch
are Hattorah, " the instruction, the law," Sepher hattorah, " the book of the law," *Sepher torath Yahweh, "book of the law of Yahweh," and Sepher torath Elohim, " book of the law of God " (with reference to its source), and Sepher torath Mosheh, " book of the law of Moses," or, Sepher Mosheh (Ezra vi. 18; Neh. xiii. 1; with reference to its human mediator). In Talmudic times Sepher hattorah served to designate the Pentateuch written as one roll for use in divine service, while Hamisshah Ilumshey hattorah, "the five fifths of the law," was applied to the Pentateuch written in five rolls or in book form. The Aramaic designation was 'Oraita, " instruction "; the Greek, Ho nomos or Ho nomos Mouse os, " the law " or " the law of Moses." The term Pentateuch was first used, it is believed, by the Valentinian Ptolema?us (c. 160 a.d.) in a letter to Flora (Epiphanius, Hmr., viii. 14), the Latin Pentateuchus (liber) by Tertullian (Adv. Marcion., i. 10), taking later the form Pentateuchum in Isidore of Seville. The individual books were called by the Jews by the first words occurring in them: Bereshith, Shemoth or We'elleh Shemoth, Wayyikra, Bemidhbar or Wayyedhabber, Debharim or Elleh debharim (cf. Origen in Eusebius, Hist, eccl., VI., xxv.). The Greek names Genesis, Exodos, Leuitikon, Arlthmoi, Deuteronomion appear in Hippolytus (Hcer., vi. 15-16) as though used by Simon Magus.
Modern Conservative Writers (§ 8). General Positions of Advanced
Criticism (§9). Position of Konig, Dillmann, Well-
hausen, A. Kuenen (§ 10). Klostermann's Recent Work (§11). Limitations of Literary Analysis
(§ 12). The Constitution and the Statutes
(§ 13).
The Tabernacle (§ 14).
The Manual for the Priests (§ 15).
Legislation not in the Law Books
(§ 16). The Legislation and Specific Needs
(§ 17). Deuteronomy (§ 18). Legislation and the Age (§ 19). Literature on §§ 12-19 (§ 20).
The division into five books is older than the Septuagint, but not original. It is also older than Chronicles, since in I Chron. xvi. the psalm put into the mouth of David on the occasion of bringing the ark into Jerusalem contains the doxology at the end of the fourth book of the Psalms; and the division of Psalms into five books doubtless corresponds to the fivefold division of the Pentateuch. The contents include the history of God's kingdom on earth and in Israel from the creation till the
death of Moses, and the law of God's 2. Con- kingdom in Israel. (1) Genesis: i.-xi. tents. is primitive history (creation, paradise,
the fall, the flood, the table of nations, building of the tower at Babylon, genealogy from Shem to Abram); xii.-xxvi. deals with Abraham and Isaac; xxvii.-xxxvii. 1 deals with Jacob, and xxxvii. 2-1. with Joseph. (2) Exodus: i.-xv. 21 contains the oppression of Israel in Egypt, two reports of the call of Moses (iii.-vi. 1 and vi. 2vii. 7), the ten plagues of Egypt, the exodus and crossing of the Red Sea (vii. 8-xv. 21); xv. 22xxiv. 11 describes the journey to Sinai and the conclusion of the covenant there (xx. 2-17 contains the decalogue; xx. 22-xxiii. is the Book of the Covenant); xxiv. 12-xxxi. contains directions concerning the building and equipment of the Tabernacle and concerning the clothing and consecration of the priests and the daily offering; xxxii.-xxxiv. describes the breaking of the covenant and its renewal; xxxv.-xl. narrates the erection of the Tabernacle, the making of the priestly garments and the consecration of the sanctuary. (3) Leviticus: i.-vii. contains laws of offerings, the kinds of offerings and the duties and privileges of the priests; viii.-x. describes the consecration of the priests and their induction into office; xi.-xvi. contains directions regarding clean and unclean and the day of atonement; xvii.-xxvi. is the Holiness Code, dealing with festivals and with the Sabbatical and Jubilee years; xxvii. deals with consecrations. (4) Numbers: i.-x. 10 gives the