THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
published at Athens in 1854 under the title of " Spiritual Synopsis " by Sophronios, an archimandrate of a monastery on Athos.
(Philipp Meyer.)
Bibliography: Sources are in John Cantacuzenos, Hist. Byzantina, in MPG, cliii (gives the case for the Hesychasts); Xicephoras Gregoras, Hist. Byzantina, MPG, cxlviii (gives the Barlaam side); review of the sources in Krumbacher, Geschichte. For history and discussion consult: Illgen, in ZHT, viii (1838), 48 sqq.; W. Gass, Geschichte der Athos-Kloster, Giessen, 1865; J. H. Krause, Die Byzantiner des Mittelalters, pp. 312 (on Barlaam), 327 (on the Hesychasts), Halle, 1869; Stein, Studien iiber die Hesychasten des 14. Jahrhunderts, Vienna, 1874; J. Hergenrbther, Handbuch der allgemeinen Kirchengeschichte, ii. 860 sqq., Freiburg, 1885; K. Holl, Enthusiasmus und Bussgewalt bei dem griechischen Monchtum, Leipsic, 1898; A. H. Hore, Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church, pp. 457-458, New York, 1899; KL, i. 2012- 2016 (Barlaam), v. 1960-68 (the Hesychasts).
HESYCHIUS, he-sik'i-us : A name of frequent occurrence in the history of early ecclesiastical literature.
1 . An Egyptian bishop of the third century who suffered martyrdom under Maximus about 311 a.d. (Eusebius, Hist, eccl., viii. 13). He is known chiefly as a Biblical critic. A revision of the Septuagint prepared by him once occupied in Alexandria and Egypt a position of importance analogous to that held by the work of Lucian froxn Constantinople to Antioch (see Bible Versions, A, I. 1, § 5). He also prepared an edition of the New Testament which found a few enthusiastic admirers, though it was rejected by Jerome (cf. Ad Rufinum, ii. 26; De vir. ill., Ixxvii.; cf. Gelasius I., Decretum, vi. 14-15). None of his writings have been preserved, and nothing is now known of the nature of his critical work.
2. Presbyter of Jerusalem; d. 430. He was the author of a work on church history, of which a portion was read before the Fifth General Council (Second Constantinople, 553; cf. Mansi, Concilia, ix. 248-249). This wor'- has been lost. A large amount of literary ■.,,• ;al (printed in part in MPG, xciii.), cot- inly . -.< ribed to Hesychius, has been preserve; it 1'nrt ; research is necessary before t>!j authorsiii(j c finitely determined. The Explanations .'« L ..',.. (MPG, xciii. 787- 7'..»0'i ..re nvr.Mlv >(. :-><>?, as they are based ii' i _>n the \ ulga*e. >\ ( 'ave was of the opinion that
- author ot t he -v '.''ritings was a presbyter named . i • .. -'ychiut, \ i ■ lived at Jerusalem about 600 a.d.
F - -'he;.- ot this name consult Fabricius-Harles, Bib/ioiheca Grceca, vii. 544 (Hamburg, 1801).
(Philipp Meyer.)
Bibliography: 1. O. Bardenhewer, Patrologia, pp. 163- 164, Freiburg, 1894; H. B. Swete, Introduction to the O. T. in Greek, London, 1900; Schiirer, Geschichte, iii. 314 sqq., Eng. transl., II., iii. 165-166; Kriiger, History, p. 219; DCB, iii. 7-8.
2. W. Cave, Scriptorum eccl. hist, literaria, i. 570 sqq., Oxford, 1740; Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Grceca, vii. 548-551, Hamburg, 1801; O. Bardenhewer, Patrologia, pp. 351-353, Freiburg, 1894; Krumbacher, Geschichte, p. 147; DCB, iii. 11-12; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xi. 654-657.
HETERODOXY. See Orthodoxy.
HETHERINGTON, WILLIAM MAXWELL: Scottish poet and clergyman of the Free Church; b. near Dumfries June 4,1803; d. at Glasgow May 23, 1865. He studied at the University of Edinburgh,
and became pastor at Torpichen, Linlithgow, in 1836. At the separation of 1843 he joined the Free Church and received a charge in St. Andrews the following year. In 1S44 he established the Free Church Magazine, which he edited for four years. In 1848 he was called to Free St. Paul's, Edinburgh. From 1857 till his death he was professor of apologetics and systematic theology at New College, Glasgow. Aside from his poems, his more important works are: The Minister's Family (Edinburgh, 1838; 12th ed., 1880), a popular Evangelical work; History of the Church of Scotland (1842; 7th ed. 2 vols., 1852), a good book, but biased; History of the Westminster Assembly of Divines (1843; ed. R. Williamson, 1878), a useful work of reference; and the posthumous Apologetics of the Christian Faith (1867), a course of lectures edited, with a biographical sketch, by Alexander Duff.
Bibliography: Hew Scott, Fasti ecclesim Scolicance, i. 204 London, 1871; DNB, xxvi. 300-301.
HETTINGER, FRANZ : German Roman Catholic scholar; b. at Aschaffenburg (23 m. e.s.e. of Frankfort), Bavaria, Jan. 13, 1819; d. at Wurzburg Jan. 26, 1890. He studied at Wurzburg and in the German College at Rome, where he was ordained priest in 1843. From 1847 nearly the whole of his life was spent at Wurzburg, either in the clerical seminary or in the university, in which he was professor of theological encyclopedia and patrology (1856-67) and of apologetics and homiletics from 1867, besides being rector in 1862 and 1867. In 1868 he was summoned to Rome to take part in the preparations for the Vatican Council, and in 1879 was made domestic prelate to Leo XIII. His works include Das Priesterthum der katholischen Kirche (Regensburg, 1851); Die Liturgie der Kirche und die lateinische Sprache (Wurzburg, 1856) ; Das Recht und die Freiheit der Kirche (1860) ; Apologie des Christenthums (2 vols., Freiburg, 1862-67; Natural Religion, and Revealed Religion, 2 vols., London, 1895); Die kirchliche Vollgewalt des apostolischen Stuhles (1873; The Supremacy of the Apostolic See in the Church, London, 1889); D. F. Strauss (1875); Lehrbuch der Fundamentaliheohgie oder Apologetik (2 vols., 1879); and a number of scholarly works on Dante, of which the most important is Die gottliche Komodie des Dante nach ihrem wesentlichen Inhalt und Charakter (1880; Dante's Divina Commedia: its Scope and Value, London, 1887).
Bibliography: A Gedenkblatt was published at Wurzburg, 1890. Consult: F. Kaufmann, Franz Hettinger, Frankfort, 1891.
HETZER, LUDWIG. See Haetzer, Ludwig. HEUBNER, heib'ner, HEINRICH LEONHARD:
German Lutheran; b. at Lauterbach (in the Erzgebirge, 15 m. s.e. of Chemnitz) June 2, 17S0- d. at Wittenberg Feb. 12, 1853. After schooling at Schulpforta and studying at Wittenberg, where. in 1805, he qualified as lecturer, he became superintendent and first director of the Wittenberg theological seminary, in 1832; and so served till his death. As theologian Heubner adopted the standpoint of F. V. Reinhard (q.v.) until about 1817; and since he was uninfluenced by newer theological, as well as philosophic, tendencies, his theology