RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hesjrohius He-wit
bore somewhat of an antiquated stamp. Nevertheless his fervent piety elevated him to a sincerity and warmth that far exceeded the forms of the routine school system. Accordingly, his power lay not in his academic activity, nor yet in his sermons, but in the influence of his Christian personality. Loyalty to the confession of the Lutheran Church caused him to refuse acquiescence in the Act of Union and acceptance of the new liturgy. Respect for his personality, however, induced the authorities to leave him undisturbed. His publications are limited to minor treatises, two collections of sermons, and the reissue of Reinhard's Plan Jesu (Wittenberg, 1830; Eng. transl., including Heubner's notes, Plan of the Founder of Christianity, New York, 1831) and Biichner's Handkonkordanz to the Bible (Halle, 1840). After his death there appeared a practical exposition of the New Testament (4 vols., Potsdam, 1856), and Christliche Topik oder Darstellung der christlichen Glaubenslehre fiir den homiletischen Gebrauch (1863), based on his lectures. Georg Rietschel.
Bibliography: H. Schmieder, Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, 1883, pp. 289 sqq.; Zum Gedachtniss Dr. Heinrich Leonhard Heubners, Wittenberg, 1853; G. Rietschel, Heinrich Leonhard Heubner, ib. 1880; Wangemann, Die kirchliche Cabinet8-Politik des Konigs Friedrich Wilhelm III., pp. 171 sqq., 182 sqq., Berlin, 1884; A. Koch, Dr. Heinrich Leonhard Heubner in Wittenberg, ib. 1885.
HEUMANN, hei'man, CHRISTOPH AUGUST:
German Protestant; b. at Alstadt, Thuringia, Aug. 3, 1681; d. at Gottingen May 1, 1764. He received his education at the gymnasium at Saalfeld and at the University of Jena, where he became privat-docent in philosophy in 1702. After traveling in Germany, Holland, and France, he became director of the seminary and gymnasium at Eisenach in 1709. Here he remained till 1717, when he accepted a similar position in the gymnasium at Gottingen. Here he had abundant opportunity to display his talents as administrator, teacher, and writer. In 1734 the premises of the gymnasium were required for the erection of the new university. Heumann expected an appointment as full professor of theology, since he had received the doctorate in theology at Helmstedt in 1728, and had declined several calls to universities. But he was appointed professor of the history of literature and associate professor of theology. At last he received a full professorship in theology in 1745. In 1758 he felt obliged to retire, since he disagreed with the Lutheran doctrine of the Lord's Supper. He devoted the rest of his life to literary work. He was an indefatigable writer; the mere enumeration of his works occupies 134 pages in his biography by Cassius. He wrote on theology, criticism, philology, history of philosophy, biography, etc. Of his theological writings, the principal are his translation of the New Testament (Hanover, 1748), his commentary on the New Testament (12 vols., 1750-63), and the posthumous Erweiss, dass die Lehre der reformierten Kirche vom Abendmahle die rechte sei (3 parts, 1764), which grievously offended the Lutherans and called forth numerous replies.
(Paul Tschackert.)
Bibliography: G. A. Cassius, Ausfiihrliche Lebensbeschreibuna Heumanns, Cassel, 1768; Zeit und Geschichtsbe-
schreibung der Stadt Gottingen, iii. 126-300, Gottingen, 1738; C. G. Heyne, Memoria Heumanni, ib. 1764; ADB, xii. 327 sqq.
HEUSDE, PHILIP WILLEM VAN. See Groningen School.
HEUSSER, heis'ser, META (SCHWEIZER) : The
best female hymnist in the German language; b. at Hirzel(13m. s.s.e. of Zurich) Apr. 6, 1797; d. there Jan. 2, 1876. She was the fourth daughter of Pastor Diethelm Schweizer, a relative and friend of Lavater, and spent her quiet life in Hirzel. She married Johann Jakob Heusser, an eminent physician, and became the mother of a large family. She never dreamed that her lays would be given to the world; but her friends, after many vain efforts, obtained her consent to publish anonymously some of them in Albert Knapp's Christoterpe for 1834. They made a deep impression, and passed into many collections and German hymn-books of Europe and America, especially the Easter hymn, Lamm das gelitten, und Lowe der siegreich gerungen, and 0 Jesus Christ, mein Leben. Later Knapp edited a volume of her poems, under the title Lieder einer Verborgenen (Leipsic, 1858). It was followed by a second series (1867), under her real name. A selection from both volumes was translated into English by Miss Jane Borthwick under the title Alpine Lyrics (Edinburgh and London, 1875). Mrs. Heusser was a woman of rare genius, piety, and loveliness of character. Her memory was stored with the choicest poetry, secular and religious.
(Philip ScHAPFf.) D. S. Schaff.
Bibliography: O. Koch, Geschichte des Kirchenlieds und Kirchengesanges, vii. 377-381, 8 vols., Stuttgart, 1866- 1877; P. Schaff, Christ in Song, New York, 1868; ADB, xii. 339-340; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 519-520.
HEWALD (HERWALD): The name of two Anglo-Saxon monks who toward the end of the seventh century undertook a mission to Saxony. According to Bede (Hist, eccl., v. 10), they had lived a long time in Ireland, and were distinguished as the " dark " (niger) and the " fair " (albus), from the color of their hair. Their request to be presented to the Saxon chief was not granted, and the barbarians slew them, torturing the dark Hewald cruelly, and throwing his limbs into the Rhine. The king punished the murderers, and the bodies of the martyrs at once began to work miracles. Pepin buried them in Cologne (which fixes their date before 714). The day of their suffering was Oct. 3. In 1074 Anno II., archbishop of Cologne, translated their relics to St. Cunibert's church; the church of St. Victor at Xanten, and the abbey of Gorze, near Metz, also claimed to possess portions of their relics. Bibliography: ASB, Oct., ii. 205-207; Rettberg, KD, ii.
397-399; Hauck, KD, ii. 368-369; NA, ii (1877), 293.
HEWIT, NATHANIEL AUGUSTUS (name in religion, Augustine Francis) : Roman Catholic; b. at Fairfield, Conn., Nov. 27, 1820; d. in New York City July 3, 1897 He was graduated from Amherst (B.A., 1839) and from the Theological Institute of Connecticut, Windsor (1842). In the same year he was ordained to the Congregational ministry, within the year became a Protestant Episcopalian and was ordered deacon, but in 1846 he
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