THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1S86. J. Rhys, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, as Illustrated by Celtic Heathendom, ib. 1887.
1SS7. A. H. .Sayce, Lectures on the Orii/in and Growth of Religion, as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, ib. 1887.
1SSS. E. Hatch, The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church, edited by A. M. Fairbairn, ib. 1890.
1891. E. Goblet d'Alviella, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of the Conception of God, as Illustrated by Anthropology and History, ib. 1891.
1892. C. G. Montefiore, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews, ib. 1893.
1S93. C. B. Upton, The Bases of Religious Belief, ib. 1894.
189-4. J. Drummond, Via, Veritas, Vita: Lectures on Christianity in its most simple and intelligible Form, ib. 1895.
HICKES, GEORGE: English nonjuror; b. at Newsham, near Thirsk (20 m. n.w. of York), Yorkshire, June 20, 1642; d. in London Dec. 15, 1715. He studied at St. John's and Magdalen Colleges, Oxford (B.A., 1663; M.A., 1665; B.D., 1675), and became fellow at Lincoln 1664; was appointed chaplain to the duke of Lauderdale 1676, and accompanied him to Scotland; was made prebendary of Worcester and vicar of All Hallows, Barking, 1680, chaplain to the king 1681, and dean of Worcester 1683. Refusing the oath of allegiance after the revolution of 1688, he was deprived of his deanery 1690, and for the rest of his life lived chiefly in London in more or less close concealment. In 1694 he was consecrated bishop of Thetford by the nonjurors. He published many sermons and controversial tracts, wrote the preface for a " reformed " version of John Austin's Devotions (see Austin, John), and edited Thomas a Kempis; his Linguarum veterum septentrionalium thesaurus grammatieo-criticus et archceologicus (Oxford, 1703- 1705) is a work of much learning and industry.
Bibliography: T. Lathbury, A Hist, of the Nonjurors, London, 1862; DNB, xxvi. 350-354 (gives full list of his works); W. H. Hutton, English Church 1625-17H,
pp. 244, 316, 343, London, 1903.
HICKOCK, LAURENS PERSEUS: Presbyterian; b. at Bethel, Conn., Dec. 29, 1799; d. at Amherst, Mass., May 6, 1888. He was educated at Union College (B.A., 1820), and after studying theology privately was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1824. He held pastorates in that denomination at Kent, Conn. (1824-29), and Litchfield, Conn. (1829-36), and from 1836 to 1844 was professor of theology in Western Reserve College, O. He then accepted a call to the professorship of the same subject in Auburn Theological Seminary, a position which he held until 1852, resigning to become professor of mental and moral science and vice-president of Union College. In 1862 he became acting president of the same institution, of which he was full president from 1866 to 1868. In the latter year he retired from active life. He wrote Rational Psychology (New York, 1849); A System of Moral Science (1853); Empirical Psychology (1854); Rational Cosmology (1858); Creator and Creation (1872); Humanity Immortal (1872); and Logic of Reason (1875).
HICKS, ELIAS: Friend; b. at Hempstead, L. I., Mar. 19, 1748; d. at Jericho, L. I., Feb. 27, 1830.
He was a mechanic in the early part of his life, but later devoted himself to agriculture. When he was twenty-seven he began to have " openings leading to the ministry," and subsequently became a noted preacher, traveling extensively among the Yearly Meetings of American Friends. When the more liberal element of the Society broke off from the more conservative wing in 1S27 they were called Hicksites, and this separation extended to New York, Baltimore, Ohio, and Indiana. (See Friends, Society of, I., § 6.) Many were Unitarians, and some of Hicks 's statements undoubtedly tend in this direction. His philanthropic activities were varied and effective. He published Observations on Slavery (New York, 1811); Extemporaneous Discourses (Philadelphia, 1825) ; Journal of Religious Life and Labors (5th ed., New York 1832). Isaac Sharpless.
Bibliography: F. S. Turner, The Quakers, pp. 290-295 et passim, London, 1889; American Church History Series, xii. 248-264, New York, 1894.
HICKSITES. See Hicks, Elias; Friends, Society of, I., § 6.
HIERACAS, HIERACITES : An early heretic and his followers, important for the early history of monasticism, and known principally from Epiphanius (Har., lxvii.). Arius, however, as quoted by Epiphanius (I.e.), condemns the Christology of Hieracas, Valentinus, Manes, and Sabellius, and there is no reason to suppose another Hieracas. If he lived to be over ninety (as Epiphanius asserts), his birth would have fallen not long after 275. According to Epiphanius, he lived at Leontopolis, and was a man of the greatest learning. He knew the Bible almost by heart, composed a series of commentaries in Greek and Egyptian (Coptic), and wrote a great work on the Creation, and some psalms. He made his living by his skill as a copyist. His manner of life was extremely ascetic, including celibacy, complete abstinence from wine, and the reduction of food to the barest necessaries. His influence on the like-minded soon assembled round him an ascetic community, who went even beyond their teacher in severity. Hieracas saw in the teaching of physical purity and self-denial the essential difference between the Old and New Testaments. He denied the resurrection of the body, making the risen life a wholly spiritual one. He doubted the salvation of those who died in infancy, even baptized, because without knowledge there could be no conflict, and without conflict no reward. Epiphanius admits his orthodoxy on the Trinity. His Scriptural tendencies and his theoretical and speculative attitude toward renunciation of the world may be traced to the influence of Origen. If his monks were also his scholars, this would be one of the earliest instances of an ascetic community devoted at the same time to learninir. According to Macarius ^Egyptius, there were followers of his teaching, known as Hieracites, as late as the end of the fourth century.
(Adolf Harnack.)
Bibliography: C. W. F. Walch, Historic der Ketzcreien, I. 815-823, 11 vols., Leipsic, 1762-85; Moeller, Christian Church, i. 287, 355; Harnack, Dogma, iii. 29, 98 sqq., 112, 128, iv. 8; idem, Geschichte, i. 467-468, ii. 1, PP- w~