RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hinduism Hinschius
rather toward unitarianism, which is traceable in the latter portions of the Rig- Veda and, increasing steadily through the Upanishads and Vishnuite sectarianism, finds its culmination in the modern unitarianism of India. It is not impossible that this movement was aided by Mohammedanism. In a historical novel of the seventh century Bana portrayed King Harsha as presiding over a sort of religious conference attended by Brahi. Origin, mans, Buddhists, Jains, and other sectarians, and in the sixteenth century the Emperor Akbar proposed a religious composite made out of Hinduism, Mohammedanism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity. It was not until the early part of the nineteenth century, however, that a religion of such diverse elements, though with a distinctly Hindu basis, was able to sustain a permanent existence. In the year 1830 Rammohun Roy (q.v.) founded at Calcutta the Brahmo- Somaj (see India, III., 1), in which selections were read and expounded from the sacred books of all the great religions. He was followed by Devendranath Tagore (see Tagore, Devendranath) and by Keshub Chunder Sen (see Sen, Keshav Chandra), who developed the principles laid down by Rammohun Roy and advocated still more radical reforms. The Brahmo-Somaj is now one of the most important religious agencies of India among the cultured classes.
Side by side with orthodox Hinduism and with such heretical sects as the Jains (q.v.) and the Sikhs (q.v.), there exists the religion of the people, both Aryan and non- Aryan. Here is 2. The found in richest profusion the worship Popular of trees, serpents, animals, ghosts, both Religion, malevolent and benevolent, disease, and all the phenomena of nature, while totemism, fetishism, and animism each finds countless adherents.
Bibliography: The best work on the sects of modern India is W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk Lore of Northern India, 2 vols., London, 1896; idem, Tribes and Castes of the North-West Provinces and Oudh, 4 vols., Calcutta, 1896; next to these the best general work on India is U. W. Frazer, Literary History of India, New York, 1898. Consult further: E. Burnouf, Le Bhagavata Purana, ou histoire poetique de Krichna, 4 vols., Paris, 1840— 1884; M. Williams, Hinduism, London, 1878; W. J. Wilkins, Modern Hinduism, ib. 1887; A. Barth, The Religions of India, ib. 1890; F. W. Thomas, Mutual Influence of Mohammedans and Hindus, Cambridge, 1892; A. Lyall, Natural Religion in India, London, 1891; idem, in Religious Systems of the World, ib. 1893; J. N. Bhattacliarya, Hindu Castes and Sects, Calcutta, 1896; J. A. Dubois, Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, Oxford, 1897; E. Hardy, Indische Religionsgeschichte, Leipsic, 1899; C. von Orelli, Allgemeine Religionsgeschichte, pp. 394-526, Bonn, 1899; General Report of the Census of India, 1901, pp. 349-420, Calcutta, 1904 (valuable for Indian animism and for statistics); J. Happel, Die religibsen Grundanschauungen der Inder, Giessen, 1902; P. D. C. de la Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, ii. 122 sqq., Freiburg, 1905; J. C. Oman, The Brahmins, Deists and Muslims of India, London, 1907; Das Saurapuranam. Ein Kompendium spatindischer Kulturgeschichte und des Sivaismus. Einleitung, Inhaltsgabe, nebst Uebersetzungen, Erklarungen und Indices von W John, Strasburg, 1908.
HINSCHIUS, (FRANZ CARL) PAUL: German canonist; b. at Berlin Dec. 25, 1835; d. there Dec. 13, 1898. He was educated at the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg (J.U.D., Berlin, 1855) and
then took up practical work as a lawyer's assistant, referendary, and assessor in his native city. In 1859 he established himself as privat-docent for canon and civil law. In 1860-61 he made a tour of Italy, Spain, France, England, Ireland, Scotland, Holland, and Belgium to collect material for a critical edition of the pseudo-Isidorian decretals, and in 1862 he visited Switzerland to collate the important Sangallensis manuscript of this work. In 1863 he was appointed extraordinary professor of canon, German, and civil law at the University of Halle, in 1865 in Berlin, in 1868 ordinary professor at Kiel, and in 1872 again at Berlin, where he lectured until the summer of 1898. He devoted himself zealously to the administrative affairs of the University of Berlin, and also took part in the practical activity of the Church as member of various synods, was member of the Reichstag for Flensburg-Apenrade 1872-78 and 1880-81, and member of the Prussian House of Lords for the University of Kiel 1871-72 and for the University of Berlin 1889 until his death. Under Falk he collaborated in the Prussian Kultusministerium 1872-76 in drafting the laws relating to ecclesiastical affairs, the so-called May laws, and laws concerning the legal status of private persons.
The first achievement of Hinschius was the edition of the pseudo-Isidorian decretals (Leipsic, 1863), the first critical edition. The principal work of his life, however, was his Das Kirchenrecht der Katholiken und Protestanten in Deutschland (5 vols, and one part of vol. vi., Berlin, 1869-97). It remains a fragment; of the Roman Catholic canon law the first main part, Die Hierarchie und die Leitung der Kirche durch dieselbe, lacks two chapters of completion, while the second main part (the rights and duties of church-members and 'ecclesiastical associations) and the system of Protestant canon law are lacking. The work is a scientific achievement of the first rank for the history of canon law and legal dogmatics, and will probably remain for generations the basis of Roman Catholic canon law. The work of Hinschius did not inaugurate a new period in the history of the science, but it brought a period to its culminating point. He was the first who, with the method of genuine historical criticism, depicted in a realistic and detailed manner the " process of amalgamation of late Roman, Germanic, and canonical views which is equally interesting for the history of law and for that of general culture." Other works of Hinschius are Die Stellung der deutschen Staatsregierungen gegenuber den Beschliissen des vatikanischen Konzils (Berlin, 1871); Die preussischen Kirchengesetze des Jahres 1873 (1873); Die Orden und Kongregationen der katholischen Kirche in Preussen (1874); Das preussische Gesetz uber die Beurkundung des Personenstandes und die Form der Eheschliessungen (1874); Das Reichsgesetz (1875, 3d ed., 1890); Die preussischen Kirchengesetze der Jahre 1874 und 1875 (1875); Das preussische Kirchengesetz vom 14- Juli 1880 (1881); Staat und Kirche (Freiburg, 1883), which appeared in Marquardsen's Handbuch des bffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart. All of these works reveal the author's view concerning the re-
Hippolytus