RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Howsc". Huber
fassung und Doctrin, Wirksamkeit und Geschichte charaderisiert (Berlin, 1873), which was immediately placed upon the Index. He also had a large share in the famous book Der Papst und das Konzil, von Janus (Munich, 1869). Bibliography: E. Zirngiebl, Johannes Huber, Gotha, 1881.
HUBER, SAMUEL: Swiss Protestant controversialist; b. at Burgdorf (11 m. n.e. of Bern) 1517; d. at Osterwiek (42 m. w.s.w. of Magdeburg), Hanover, Mar. 23, 1624. He studied theology at Bern and at German universities, became pastor at Saanen in 1570, and at Burgdorf in 1581, where he obtained the office of treasurer, or vice-dean of the chapter. On the occasion of the innovation of broken bread in the communion, in place of the hitherto customary wafer, he attacked Abraham Muslin and the preachers of Bern with such success that the ancient custom continued in force till the beginning of the seventeenth century. Soon afterward he turned upon Theodore Beza, who had sanctioned, in writing, flight from the plague. Although Beza had retracted his opinion, by advice of friends, Huber continued to combat him, without even submitting his book to the prescribed censorship. Huber made a still greater stir when, in connection with the Mumpelgart Colloquy in 1586 (see Mumpelgart, Colloquy of), he expressed himself in sharp terms against the Reformed doctrine of predestination. For this he was obliged to answer before the superior chapter-court in 1587, and in a disputation at the town-hall of Bern in 1588. Shortly afterward he was deposed from his office, and, on failing to observe the enjoined silence, he was banished from the country June 28, 1588.
In July, 1588, Huber repaired to Tubingen. Here he enjoyed the support of Duke Louis, who sought to bring about his reinstatement at Bern. When this was refused Huber subscribed the Formula of Concord, and became pastor at Derendingen, where he resumed his literary activity against his previous adversaries, as well as against the Jesuits. In 1589 he dwelt upon the importance of the sacrificial death of Christ for the sin of all mankind, thus incurring strife with the Wurttemberg theologians. Nevertheless, he affirmed his doctrinal agreement with them, on quitting his appointment in 1592 to accept a call to the University of Wittenberg. Here he was cordially received by iEgidius Hunn, Polycarp Leiser, and Solomon Gesner, who hoped to find in him an aggressive opponent of Calvinists and Crypto- Calvinists. But here, too, sharp differences soon came to pass, especially between Huber and Polycarp Leiser. When Hunn sought to mediate he, in turn, had to incur the reproach of Calvinism. Pacific overtures on the part of the rector of Wittenberg University, a colloquium in 1593, electoral commissioners and pleaders, as also Leipsic professors, could not effect a reconciliation. After negotiations at the imperial Diet of Regensburg, reenforced by foreign theologians, and further conferences at Torgau, had proved in vain, he was dismissed from his professorship, and banished from the country at the beginning of 1595. Though he never lacked for friends, he was now compelled to wander from place to place, an " embittered martyr of universalism." He appealed to the imperial
supreme court at Speyer for vindication, but without success, and also knocked in vain at the doors of Berlin, Helmstedt, and Dresden.
Geoeg Muller.
Bibliography: J. A. Schmid, Dissertatio . . de S. Huberi vita, fatis et doctrina, Helmstadt, 1708; A. Sehweizer, Die protestantischen Centraldogmen, i. 501 sqq., Zurich, 1854; Trechsel, in Berner Taschenbuch, 1854; G. Frank, Geschichte der protestantischen Theologie, i. 271 sqq., Leipsic, 1862; G. Finsler, Bibliographie der reformierten Kirche in der Schweiz, i. 126, Bern, 1896; E. Bloesch, Geschichte der schweizerisch-reformierten Kirche, i. 256-258, 398, Bern, 1898; G. Kawerau, Reformation und Gegenreformation, p. 388, Freiburg, 1899; ADB, xiii. 248-249.
HUBER, VICTOR AIME: Social reformer; b. at Stuttgart Mar. 10, 1800; d. at Wernigerode (40 m. s.w. of Magdeburg) July 19, 1869. After private instruction, he took up the study of medicine, languages, and history at Gottingen. Although baptized in the Roman Catholic Church, he was indifferent toward all confessions and without religious convictions. When twenty years old he passed his medical examination at Wurzburg. To complete his studies he went to Paris, where he enjoyed the friendship of Humboldt, Cuvier, Benjamin Constant, Lafayette, and others. In the course of time he became dissatisfied with the medical profession. Personal experiences and contact with many famous men changed his religious and social views and brought him nearer to Christianity. In 1828 he became teacher in the business school of Bremen. In 1833 he was appointed professor of modern philology at Rostock, in 1836 at Marburg. A call to Berlin in 1843 developed the ideals of politics and social reform to which his nature inclined him.
On account of his views regarding Church and politics Huber was received coldly, and as a teacher he was not very successful; so he was thrown chiefly upon writing. In 1845 he edited a periodical called Janus, JahrbiXcher deutscher Gesinnung, Bildung und That, but with little success. Moreover, the year 1848 made him lose his faith in a regeneration of monarchy, and he was never reconciled with the idea of constitutional government. The cardinal points of his program were association and colonization. The working classes should be organized according to their occupations upon the material basis of a common property which was to be newly produced by them and upon the religious and moral foundations which Christian education offers according to the needs and customs of each class of people. If a certain locality possessed more people than it could support, he proposed a scheme of colonization by transplanting the surplus into another locality. In their efforts to redeem themselves the laboring classes should be assisted by the ruling classes. Huber's efforts at practical realization of his ideas in Berlin were met by indolence and indifference on the part both of the conservative party and of the laboring classes, and church people did not see any importance in his scheme for the building up of congregations. Isolated from all his friends, Huber left Berlin in 1851 and settled at Wernigerode, where he tried his ideals on a smaller scale, but also without success. His most prominent works are Reisebriefe (2 vols., Hamburg, 1865); Sociale Fragen
Huberinus Huebmaier