THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
sire for notoriety and gain. [Zwingli's participation in the torture of Hubmaier and his cynical remarks about the recantation are blots on his reputation. He wrote to a friend that Hubmaier had changed not his mind but his nerve, a. h. n.J
In July, 1526, Hubmaier came to Nikolsburg in Moravia, where, having gained the protection of
Martin Goschl, he transformed the in-
Activity in cipient Lutheran congregation into an
Moravia. Anabaptist community, converting the
ministers Oswald Glait and Hans Spittelmayer, and Von Lichtenstein himself. From all directions the Anabaptists flocked to Moravia, and Nikolsburg became for a time the center of the movement. Hubmaier there entered on the most active period of his literary career. Besides a number of tracts directed against Zwingli and GCcolampadius, he published 12 Artikel des christlichen Glaubens, in which he based true belief on the Lord's Supper and baptism; Ein einfaltiger Unterricht and Eine Form des Nachtmals Christi have to do with the Lord's Supper; his tracts Von der bruderlichen Strafe and Vom christlichen Bann deal with communal discipline; while Vom Schwert treats of the relations of Christians to established authority which he supported. He wrote also on the freedom of the soul, maintaining that thesis against the Reformed theologians. The Anabaptist movement spread from Moravia into the Tyrol, Salzburg, and the two Austrias, and as a consequence systematic persecution began. In 1527 Hiibmaier's surrender was demanded and granted. He was taken to Vienna, where he attempted to make his peace by offering broad concessions based on opposition to Luther and Zwingli; but on the questions of the Lord's Supper and baptism he refused to yield, and on Mar. 10 he was burned. His place is undeniably in the front rank of German Anabaptists, along with Denk, Haetzer, and Hut. He differs from the last in his higher theological gifts, and from the first in his freedom from mystical elements. He represents the simple, conservative Anabaptist doctrine which grounded itself on the Scriptures.
(A. HEGLEEf.) K. HOLL.
Bibliography: Apart from the biography in Bohemian by F. Hoschek, Brunn, 1867, Eng. transl. by W. W. Everts, in Texas Baptist Historical Magazine, 1891-92, the three works of value are: H. Sohreiber, in his Taschenbuch fur Geschichte und Alterthum, Freiburg, 1839, pp. 1-130, 1840, pp 153-234 (incomplete, third part never supplied); J. Loserth, Doctor Balthasar Hubmaier, Brunn, 1893; and H. C. Vedder, Balthasar Hubmaier, New York, 1905 (based upon thorough and independent study of the sources, including the writings of Hubmaier, which are now rare, with extended quotations from them; it contains an annotated bibliography, pp. xv.— xxiv., which leaves little to be desired). Much material pertinent to the subject is contained in the literature under Zwingli, Huldreich; and Anabaptists. Consult especially: A. H. Newman, Hist, of Anti-Pedobaptism, chaps, vii., viii., x., xiv., Philadelphia, 1897; S. M. Jackson, Huldreich Zwingli, chap, xii., New York, 1903.
HUELS, PETER: German Roman Catholic; b. at Millingen Oct. 7, 1850. He was educated at the University of Munster from 1872 to 1876, and after being private tutor to Prince Radolin (1876-81), was cathedral preacher at Munster (1881-94). In 1894 he was appointed a member of the cathedral chapter, and since 1901 has been professor of pas-
toral theology and liturgies at the University of Munster. He has written Betstunden zur Verehrung des Altarssakramentes (Munster, 1891); Das Vaterunser (a collection of sermons; 1893); and Gott meine Hilfe (1898).
HUELSEMANN, JOHANN : One of the most prominent literary opponents of Calixtus: b. at Esens (65 m. n.w. of Bremen), Hanover, Dec. 4, 1602 (o.s.)d. at Leipsic June 13, 1661. He was educated at Norden, Stade, and Hanover. Before he had reached the age of eighteen, he went to the University of Rostock, and two years later to Wittenberg. In 1627 he removed to Leipsic, where he was permitted to lecture. In 1629 he was appointed professor at Wittenberg, where he achieved an authoritative position. In 1630 he was sent to Leipsic as a delegate to a convention in behalf of the Augsburg Confession, and in 1645 he took a leading position at the colloquy in Thorn.
So far Hulsemann had leaned toward the Reformed teachings, although he did not openly confess them; but now, swept along by Calovius, who had become his opponent, he denied all his former conduct and advanced the orthodox cause by becoming one of the most prominent adversaries of Calixtus. To clear his dubious position from the justified suspicions of the Lutheran theologians he wrote his Calvinismus irreconciliabilis (Wittenberg, 1644) as the counterpart of Bishop Joseph Hall's Roma irreconciliabilis, but the appendix entitled Qua dogmata sint ad salutem creditu necessaria shows how little he liked the new position which was forced upon him. In this appendix he is conciliatory again in regard to the Lord's Supper and the personal union. As the influence of Calovius increased, the author denied this appendix in later years and wished to have it considered an immature writing of his youth. His final rupture with Calixtus makes a still more unfavorable impression. Hulsemann was the friend of Calixtus, but after the disputation at Thorn he was forced to become his opponent. Calixtus had defended himself against the Wittenberg faculty by denying its sole authority and normative rule and by revealing some errors in their writings, among them in one of Hiilsemann's books. Immediately the latter attacked his opponent, not only with the honest weapons of literary warfare, but by bringing down upon him an official denunciation.
Hiilsemann's principal works are his Breviarium theologian (Wittenberg, 1640; enlarged with title, Extensio breviarii theologian, Leipsic, 1655); Muster und Ausbund guter Werke (1650); Dialysis apologetica problematis Calixtim (1651); and Der Cahxtinische Gewissenswurm (1653). (F. Bosse.)
Bibliography: A. Tholuck, Der Geist der lutherischen Theologen Wittenbergs, p. 164, Hamburg, 1S52; J. F. Erdmann, Lebensbeschreibungen der wittenbergischen Professoren, \\ utenberg, 1804; W. Gass, Geschichte der protestantischen Dogmatik, i. 318, Berlin, 1854.
HUET, u"et', PIERRE DANIEL: Bishop of Avranches; b. at Caen, France, Feb. 8, 1630; d. at Paris Jan. 26, 1721. He was educated in the college of the Jesuits in his native city. In 1670, with Bossuet, he was made teacher of the dauphin; in 1674 he was received among the forty of the French