RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hughes
Hugo of St. Cher
was curate of Neath, Glamorganshire (1872-77), and vicar of Newcastle, Bridgend, Glamorganshire (1877-84), and of Llantrisant, Glamorganshire (1884-1905), in addition to being chaplain to the bishop of Llandaff from 1900 to 1905. In 1905 he was consecrated bishop of Llandaff.
HUGHES, THOMAS PATRICK: Protestant Episcopalian; b. at Henley (near Ludlow, 9 m. w. of Wariwck), Shropshire, England, Mar. 26, 1838. He was educated at Ludlow School, Islington College, and Cambridge University, but did not take a degree. He was ordained priest in 1864, and after being assistant at St. Silas, Islington, London, for a few months in the same year, went to India in 1865. From that year until 1885 he was a missionary of the Church Missionary Society and acting chaplain to the British troops at Peshawar, Afghanistan. He was also president of the Board of Examiners in the Afghan Language from 1875 to 1885, founder and editor of The Church Quarterly in 1882, and associate editor of The Civil and Military Gazette, Lahore, in 1883. In 1885 he left India for the United States, and was successively rector of St. Savior's, Lebanon Springs, N. Y. (1885-88), assistant rector of All Souls', New York City (1888), rector of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, New York City (1889-1902), and associate rector of the Church of the Epiphany, New York City (1902-03). Since 1905 he has been on the staff of The New York Globe. He has written Poems of Abdur Rahman (Lahore, 1872) ; Kilid-i- Afghani (1872); Notes on Mohammedanism (London, 1875); Ganj-i-Pukhto (Lahore, 1882); Dictionary of Islam (London, 1885) ; Ruhainah, the Maid of Herat (New York, 1886); American Ancestry (5 vols., Albany, N. Y., 1887-90); Heroic Lives in Foreign Fields (New York, 1895) ; and The Stage from a Clergyman's Standpoint (1896).
HUGO OF FLEURY (HUGO DE SANCTA MARIA) :
Historian; d. not before 1118. He first appears as an inmate of the abbey of St. Benedict at Fleury (Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire, 20 m. e.s.e. of Orleans), in the diocese of Orleans, a famous home of scholarship and learning. Hugo composed the following historical works: (1) Historia ecclesiastica, extant in two editions; the first, in four books, comes down to the death of Charlemagne, and was produced in 1109 ; after Hugo had become acquainted with the Chronographia tripertita of Anastasius Bibliothecarius, he undertook a revised edition, and brought the narrative down to 855; this new edition came out in 1110, and contains six books (in MPL, clxiii. 821-854). (2) Liber qui modernorum regum Francorum continet actus comprises the time from Charles the Bald (892) to the death of King Philip (1108; MPL, clxiii. 873-912). (3) Historia Francorum brevis, from Lothair, son of Louis the Pious, to 1108 {MPL, clxii. 611-616). Of greater interest than these historical writings, only the second of which has value as a source, is the treatise dedicated to Henry I. of England, Tractatus de regia potestate el sacerdotali dignitate (MGH, Lib. de lite, ii., 1892, pp. 466-494). The author advocates that the spiritual and the temporal powers shall take joint part in the government of the world, and let both work together peaceably (cf. C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im
Zeitalter Gregors VII., pp. 514-515, Leipsic, 1894). By his Vita S. Sacerdotis episcopi Lemovicensis (d. 530; ASB, May, ii. 14-22, MPL, clxiii. 979-1004), and the continuation of the miracles wrought at Fleury by St. Benedict (Les Miracles de Saint Benott, ed. E. de Certain, Paris, 1858, pp. 357 sqq.) Hugo contributed his portion to ascetic literature. He is reported also to have composed a commentarius super Psalterium. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Parts of the Hist, eccl., ed. G. Waitz, is in MGH, Script., ix (1851), 337-364, cf. MPL, clxiii. 805- 820. Consult: C. Mirbt, Die Wahl Gregors VII., Marburg, 1892; E. Sackur, in NA, xvi (1891), 369-386; H. Bohmer, Stoat und Kirche in England und in der Normandie im 11. und 12. J ahrhundert, pp. 164-168, Leipsic, 1899; KL, vi. 388-389; Neander, Christian Church, iv.' 141-142.
HUGO DE SANCTA MARIA. See Hugo of
Fleury.
HUGO OF ST. CHER (De Sancto Caro J.- Dominican and cardinal ; b. toward the end of the twelfth century at St. Cher, a suburb of Vienne; d. at Orvieto Mar. 19, 1263. He entered the Dominican monastery of St. Jacob at Paris in 1224, and was soon promoted. In 1244 Innocent IV made him cardinal, and under Alexander IV he was an active member of the Commission of Anagni (Chartulce universitatis Parisiensis, l. 297, 333 sqq., 337 sqq.). Hugo was very active as theological writer, and was one of the first to write a commentary (not yet printed) on Peter Lombard; his Postilla seu commentariola juxta quadrupliem sensum on the whole Bible has often been published, though it has no special merit. He is regarded as the author of the oldest Biblical correctorium, i.e., a list of more correct readings of the Latin text of the Bible (Prologue in Denifle, pp. 293 sqq.). He wishes to go back to the original text, whereby, of course, two different tasks are confounded: the restoration of the genuine text of the Vulgate, and the restoration of the most correct Latin version. Hugo's principles were adopted by most of the later medieval correctors. Another, still more important, work, whereby he became the founder of a new kind of helps for the study of the Bible, is his Sacrorum bibliorum concordantiw, an alphabetically arranged compilation of the inflected words (substantives, adjectives, and verbs) found in the ecclesiastical translation of the Bible, with all the passages in which they occur. English Dominicans soon enhanced the usefulness of the work by adding the text of the different passages. The uninflected words were also added, and in this form the work was often printed in the sixteenth century. The division into chapters is wrongly attributed to Hugo; it had already been undertaken by Stephen Langton (d. 1228). S. M. Deutsch.
Bibliography: The best edition of his works i3 that of Rouen, 1648 (3 vols.), reprinted in M PL, clxxv.-clxxvii. Consult: J. H. H. Sassen, Hugo von St. Cher. Seine Tatigkeit als Kardinal 1244-63, Bonn, 1908; the Histoire litteraire de la France, xix. 38 sqq.; R. Simon, Histoire critique des principaux commentateurs du Nouveau Testament, ii. 114 sqq., Rotterdam, 1693; S. Berger, in Revue de theologie et de philosophic, xvi (1883), 41 sqq.; H. Denifle, Die Handschriften der Bibelkorrektoren des dreizehnlen Jahrhunderts, in ALKG, iv (1888), 263 sqq., 471 sqq.; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 426, 618; KL, vi. 385-387.
Hugo of St. Victor