THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
under which head he treats matrimony, confession and absolution, and unction. In his doctrine of vows and the chapter on virtues and vices he takes an almost Evangelical position. After these valuable ethical sections, whose content is partly repeated m some of his smaller practical ascetic treatises, especially the epistle De laude caritatis, he has a relatively short sketch of eschatology, noteworthy for the sober, almost Scriptural, manner in which the invocation of saints is discussed.
It is the Sacramento, which gives Hugo his basic position in the development of Western theology and makes it possible for Harnack to 6. His call him " really the most influential Influence, theologian of the twelfth century." If it is asked why later scholasticism nevertheless adopted as the foundation of its system not his De sacramentis, but the " Sentences " of Peter Lombard, a work wholly dependent upon it, but far inferior, especially in its doctrine of God and in speculative depth, the answer is to be found in the fact that the very independence, the subjective quality of Hugo's theology, however useful it may have been for the vivid conception of individual truths, was not so well suited to the purposes of a text-book that should give a calm and clear survey of the whole faith as the simple, objective presentation of the Lombard, with its clear definitions, its sharp and easily seen distinctions. None the less, Hugo's importance in the history of religious thought must not be underestimated. Apart from his influence on dogmatic development, he was the most powerful mystical thinker that France had seen since Erigena, and in fact the real founder of the French mystical school of the Middle Ages, since Bernard of Clairvaux is dependent upon, him in all the main lines of mystical speculation; and it is not to be wondered at that admiring posterity called him a second Augustine, or that Thomas Aquinas said that his words " were those of a master and had the force of authority." (0. ZocKLBRf.)
Bibliography: The editio princeps appeared Paris, 1518; a better edition, 3 vols., ib. 1526, several times reprinted; best edition Rouen, 1648, reproduced, MPL, clxxv.clxxvii. Consult: J. B. Haureau, Les CEuvres de Hugues de S. Victor: essai critique, Paris, 1886; K. T. A. Liebner, Hugo von St. Victor und die theologischen Richlungen seiner Zeit, Leipsic, 1832; L. Gautier, Les GSuvres poetiques d'Adam de S. Victor, Paris, 1858; W. Preger, Geschichte der deutschen Mystik, i. 227-441, Leipsic, 1874; R. Bindel, Die Erkenntnistheorie Hugos von St. Victor, Quakenbriick, 1889; H. Ostler, Die Psychologie des Hugo von St. Victor, Minister, 1906; Histoire litteraire de la France, xii (1830), 1-72; Ceillier, Auleurs sacres, xiv. 347-361; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 400-408 et passim; Harnack, Dogma, vol. vi. passim; and the works on the history of philosophy by Ritter, Ueberweg, Windelband, and Erdmann.
HUGO THE WHITE (Candidus, Albus, Blancus): Cardinal; d. probably soon after 1098. He was one of the Lotharingians drawn to his court by Pope Leo IX., and had been a monk of Remiremont in the diocese of Toul. Leo appointed him cardinal priest about 1049. When, subsequent to the death of Nicholas II. (1061), the schism broke out, Hugo took sides with Bishop Cadalus of Parma (Honorius II.; see Honoritjs II., Antipope), and even played a decisive part in the latter's elevation. But on submitting to Alexander II. he not only obtained pardon, but was forthwith employed as
Roman legate in Spain. Most zealously he devoted himself to this commission, to enforcing priestly celibacy, and to supplanting the Mozarabic liturgy by the ritual of Rome. In 1072 he was legate in France, though only for a short time; he was accused of simony, and the accusation came up for discussion at the Roman lenten synod of Alexander II. in Mar., 1073. However, he does not appear to have been condemned.
Very intimate relations prevailed between Hugo and Hildebrand in 1073. Hugo had done much to promote the election of Gregory VII., and was straightway entrusted by him with an embassy to Spain. Before long, however, the cardinal sided with Gregory's opponents, and thenceforth combated him with implacable enmity. The breach probably occurred as early as 1074. Hugo's excommunication was voted by the Roman lenten synod of 1075. Through Guibert of Ravenna, he now began to affiliate with the newly appointed Archbishop Theobald of Milan, and went as confidential agent of the anti-Gregorian party to Germany, to King Henry IV- At the Council of Worms, Jan. 24, 1076, he exercised an unsalutary influence, and the inconsiderate resolutions of this assembly were primarily due to Hugo. At the Roman lenten synod of 1078 Gregory deprived him of St. Clement's Church, in Rome, degraded him from the priesthood, and anathematized him. Hugo was present at the synod convened by Henry IV. at Brixen (June 25, 1078) among the Italian bishops who formed the majority there, and was the first to subscribe the decree of deposition against Gregory. The former cardinal exerted himself passionately in favor of the antipope, Clement III., and his violent efforts bore fruit at Rome in 1084, when, conjointly with the successes of Henry IV., there occurred the great defection from Gregory VII., wherein no fewer than thirteen cardinals participated.
After the death of Gregory VII. Hugo continued to support Clement III., both under Victor II. (1086-87), and under Urban II. (1088-99). Clement created him bishop of Prseneste. Possibly Hugo was vested with this dignity as early as 1089; he certainly was in 1093, and still in 1098.
Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: C. Mirbt, Die Wahl Gregors VII., Marburg, 1892; idem. Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., pp. 6 sqq., 16, Leipsic, 1894; G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich IV. und I .. Leipsic, 1890-94; W. Martens, Gregor VII., ib. 1894; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of City of Rome, iv. 2, pp. 124, 126, 149, 177, 189, 195, London, 1896; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 106-107; KL, vi. 384-385; and literature under the articles on the popes named in the text.
HUGUCCIO, hu-gii'chi-o (HUGO OF PISA): Annotator of the Gratian decretals; b. in Pisa; d. at Ferrara 1210. He studied Roman and canon law at Bologna, where he also taught canon law; in 1190 he was bishop of Ferrara, where he began the work on which his fame rests, the Summa to the decretals of Gratian, using the Compilatio prima of Bernhard of Pavia.
Bibliography: J. F. von Schulte, Geschichte dcr Quellen und Literatur des canonischen Rechts, i. 156-170. Stuttgart,
1875.