THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
part of the Greek Uniat churches. The organization of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary is as follows: archbishopric of Esztergom (Gran; founded 1001), with the suffragan bishopric of Nyitra, Gyor, Veszprem, Pecs, Vacz (all five founded 1001) Beszterczebanya, Szekesfeherv&r, and Szombathely (all three founded 1777); archbishopric of Kalocsa (founded 1001, raised to archbishopric 1135), with the suffragan bishopric of Magyarcsanad (see at Temesvar; founded 1001), Nagyvarad (founded 1095), and Transylvania (see at Gyulafehervar; founded 1001); archbishopric of Eger (Erlau; founded 1001, raised to archbishopric 1804), with the suffragan bishoprics of Rozsnyo (founded 1776), Szepes (founded 1776), Szatmar (founded 1804), and Kassa (founded 1804); archbishopric of Zagrab (Agram; founded 1093, raised to archbishopric 1853), with the suffragan bishoprics of Zengg (formed by uniting Corbav and Modrus 1833) and Diakovar (formed by uniting Szerem [founded 1230] and the Bosnian diocese 1773) ; and the arch-abbey of St. Martin (founded 1001). There are 112 archdeacons, 405 deacons, and 3,804 priests, not including the arch-abbey, which has one deacon and 15 priests. There are 27 cathedral chapters with 424 canons (152 honorary), 180 abbots (150 honorary), and 146 provosts (109 honorary).
Members of orders can be admitted to the country, orders can be founded or dissolved only with consent of the king or by decree of parliament. Joseph II. (1780-90) dissolved 134 monasteries, with 1,544 monks and six convents with 191 nuns. The present number of monasteries is 227, with 2,196 monks, and 365 convents with 5,420 nuns. Every archbishopric and bishopric, with the exception of three, has its theological seminary; there were in 1909 for the seculars 18, and for the monastics 13, also a central institute in the University at Budapest. The language of instruction is Latin. Since 1868 the Roman Catholic bishops have tried to create a movement against the influence of the State in church affairs and for the acquirement of real autonomy by the Roman Catholic Church, but so far without success. Only in Transylvania does the Church possess a kind of self-government, where under the presidency of the bishop, 68 clerical and 136 lay representatives yearly deliberate on financial and educational matters. In the department of church life and domestic missions are active several organizations, notably the St. Stephen's Union.
Through the influence of the archbishop of Esztergom, George Lippay, 400 clergy of the Greek Church from the midst of the Ruthen-
2. Uniats. ian people in the neighborhood of Munkacs joined themselves to the Roman Catholic Church, and consecrated their first bishop in 1655. Count Leopold Kolonics, also an archbishop of Esztergom, with the help of the Jesuits, induced more than 100,000 Greek Catholics of the Rumanian population of Transylvania to enter the union, and at the synod of Gyulafehervar the bishop Theophilus and twelve Greek deacons subscribed to the union which was supported by King Leopold I. (1697), and the bishopric of Fogaras was founded for the united church. Fogaras was raised by Franz Joseph I. in the year 1850 to an
archbishopric by the name of Gyulafehervar, with the see at Balazsfalva. It has six suffragan bishoprics: Lugos (1850), Szamosujvar (1850), Grosswardein (Nagyvarad; 1777), Munkacs (restored 1771), Eperjes (1816), and Koros (formed from former Szvidnicz, 1751). There are seven cathedral chapters with 45 canons, 59 archdeacons, 1,55 deans 1,361 priests, 731 chaplains, 9 monasteries, 44 monks, 5 seminaries, 228 students, and 34 professors. The legal status of the Greek Orientals was fixed by law 27 of 1791, when they were given a share in
the privileges already granted to the 3. Greek Roman Catholics. Their bishops were Orientals, given a seat in the upper house and
lands were also granted to them. The Church is divided by nationality and speech, consequently since 1861 they have had two metropolitan dioceses. They have two archbishops, eight bishops, 92 archdeacons, 2,311 parishes, 283 chaplains, 2,906 priests, four seminaries, and 28 religious houses with 158 monks. In order to escape from the oppression of the Turks, 38,000 Servians, with their patriarch, fled to the Hapsburg dominions and were granted ecclesiastical privileges by Leopold I. (1691). The head of the church is the patriarch of Karlowitz, and the governing body is the Servian National Church congress, consisting of 25 clerical and 50 lay members, elected for three years. Besides the patriarchate there are the following bishoprics: Bacs, Ofen (Buda), Temesvar, Versecz (all founded 1690), Karlstadt and Pakracz. The Roumanian Church (independent since 1865) is governed by the national church congress of 30 clerical and 60 lay members, elected for three years. The archbishopric of Hermanstadt (founded by Joseph II., 1780-90; raised to archbishopric, 1864) has two suffragan bishoprics, Arad (founded by Leopold I., 1657-1705) and Karansebes (1865).
II. Protestant Churches: The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession is divided into two
bodies, of separate origin historically, 1. Lu- and each with an independent constitutherans. tion of its own; the church of the
Hungarians, and that of the Transylvanian Saxons. The Hungarian Lutheran Church dates from the Reformation. It is divided into four ecclesiastical districts, each with a superintendent and an inspector. Since the time of Maria Theresa (1774) there has been a general meeting of 90-100 members chosen from all the districts. The four districts (each governed by a bishop) are as follows: the Banya (see at Budapest); the Cis-Danubian (see at Balassagyarmat) ; the Trans-Danubian (see at Papa); and the district of the Theiss (see at Miskolcz). The church has 39 synods, 661 congregations, with 665 ministers and 169 chaplains, and 1,085,603 communicants. There are three theological academies, with 16 professors and 138 students. The communicants are Magyars, Germans. and Slovaks. The church of Transylvania also dates from the Reformation. It consists of one district with its see at Hermanstadt (Nagyszeben). It has 10 synods, 247 congregations, and 220,302 communicants, all Saxon, with German as their mother tongue. They were called into the country in 1142, were granted many privileges, and have