THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
predestination by following J. Damascenus in his distinction between voluntas antecedens and consequens, and considering faith as the instrumental cause of election.
The literary activity of Hunnius was mainly polemical. His most important works are De persona Christi (1585), which is an enlargement of an earlier treatise entitled Bekenntnis von der Person Christi (1577) ; Tractatus de maiestate, fide, auioritate el certitudine sacrw scriptures (1588); Calvinus iudaizans, sire Judaicce glossce et corruptelce in explicandis testimoniis Scriptures Sacra de trinitate, etc. (1593); Anti-Parens (1594); and Anti-Parens alter (1599). He wrote also numerous dogmatic monographs and commentaries on the Gospels of Matthew and John, the Epistles of Paul, and the first Epistle of John. He composed several Biblical dramas in Latin, among them Josephus, comcedia sacra, which was presented at Strasburg in 1597. A complete edition of his Latin writings was edited by his sonin-law, H. Garthius (5 vols., Wittenberg, 1607-09).
(Johannes Kunze.)
Bibliography: M. Adam, Vitce theologorum . Germanmum, pp. 344-347, Heidelberg, 1706, cf. J. G. Neumann De vita Aeg. Hunnii exemplum, Wittenberg, 1704; L. W. Fischlin, Memoria theologorum Vittebergensium, i., pp. xviii. 51-53, 253-275, Leipsic, 1710; F. W. Strieder, Hessische Gelehrtengeschichte, vi. 243-277, 8 vols., Cassel, 1780- 178S; K. A. Credner, Philipps des Grossmiltigen hessische Kirchenreformationsordnung, pp. ccxxxv.-ccxliii., Giessen, 1852; A. Schweizer, Die protestantischen Centraldogmen, i. 529 sqq., 568 sqq., Zurich, 1854; G. Frank, Geschichte der protestantischen Theologie, i. 248-249, Leipsic, 1862.
HUNNIUS, NICOLAUS: Lutheran theologian; b. at Marburg July 11, 1585, third son of ^Egidius Hunnius (q.v.); d. at Lubeck Apr. 12, 1643. At the age of fifteen he entered the University of Wittenberg, where he studied philology, philosophy, and theology. In 1609 he joined the philosophical faculty and lectured in philosophy and theology. He followed the same theological direction as his father, inherited his temper and talent as a polemist, and was, like him, possessed of great learning. In virtue of his ability Elector John George I. of Saxony appointed him, in 1612, superintendent of Eilenburg, where he won the respect of his superiors and the affection of his congregation. In 1617 Hunnius was called to succeed Leonhard Hutter, at Wittenberg, as professor of theology. In 1623 he was appointed pastor of St. Mary's Church at Lubeck; the following year he became superintendent. For the suppression of the enthusiasts who pervaded the region, Hunnius reunited the dioceses of Lubeck, Hamburg, and Liineberg (Ministrium tripolitanum) , and at a convention held in 1633 at Molln measures were proposed and adopted for the same purpose. For the suppression of the adherents of Calvinism Hunnius frustrated the efforts of John Durie (q.v.), who tried to establish harmony between the Lutherans and the Reformed. To check the proselytizing tendencies of the Roman Catholics, he even invoked the aid of the secular powers. At the same time he made earnest efforts to elevate the religious and ecclasiastical life. It was, however, chiefly his polemical literary activity that made him known among his contemporaries. He wrote against the Roman Church Ministerii Lutherani divini adeoque legitimi demonstratio (Wit-
tenberg, 1614) and Capistrum Hunnio paratum, etc. (1617); against the Socinians, whom he considered as Photinians, Examen errorum Photinianorum 1620); and against the enthusiasts, Christliche Betrachtung (1622), Nedder Sdchsisches Handtboeck (Lubeck, 1633), Ausfuhrlicher Bericht von der neuen Propheten Religion, Lehr und Glauben, etc. (Lubeck 1634; 2d ed. by J. H. Feustking, Wittenberg, 1708,' under the title Matceologia fanatica) . Against the unionistic tendencies of John Durie he wrote Ministerii ecclesiastici Lubecensis theologica Consideratio inter positionis, seu pacificatorice transactionis, inter religionen Lutheranam ex una, et Reformatam ex altera parta profitentes, abs D. Johanne Durceo, ecclesiaste Britanno, his temporibus tentatce (Lubeck, 1677). Another writing during his activity at Lubeck is his Atda^Tpir theologica de fundamentali dissensu doctrines Evangelicos Lutherancs et Calvinianes seu Reformatce (Wittenberg, 1626), which is important in so far as the distinction between fundamental and non-fundamental articles of faith may be traced to it. But the greatest sensation was created by his Consultatio oder wohlmeinendes Bedenken, ob und wie die evangelisch-lutherischen Kirchen die jetzt schwebenden Religionsstreitigkeiten entweder beilegen oder durch christliche und bequeme Mittel fortstellen und endigen mogen (Lubeck, 1632). Here he proposed the institution of a perpetual theological senate for the purpose of investigating and settling all theological disputes. Among his didactic writings may be mentioned the Epitome credendorum oder Inhalt der christlichen Lehre, etc. (Wittenberg, 1625). This work ran through nineteen editions, and was translated into Dutch, Swedish, Polish, and Latin. It is a book of popular instruction in Christianity, was reprinted in 1844 for the seminary of American missionaries at Neuendettelsau, and a third edition appeared at Nordlingen, 1870. An epitome of it was made the basis of religious instruction in elementary schools.
(Johannes Kunze.)
Bibliography: The best source is C. H. Starck, Der Stadt Lubeck Kirchenhistorie, v. 741 sqq., Hamburg, 1724. Consult: J. Moller, Cimbria literata, ii. 376-389, Copenhagen, 1744; L. Heller, Nikolaus Hunnius, Lubeck, 1843 (a careful monograph).
HUNT, JOHN: Church of England; b. at Bridgend (a north suburb of Perth), Perthshire, Scotland, Jan. 21, 1827 He was educated at the University of St. Andrews, matriculating in 1847, and was ordered deacon in 1855, and ordained priest two years later. He was curate of Deptford, Durham (1855-59), of St. Mary's, Lambeth (1866-74), and of St. Nicholas', Sutton, Surrey (1S76-7N. Since 1878 he has been vicar of Orford, Kent. He has translated Poems from the German (London, 1852) and Luther's Spiritual Songs (1853), and has written Essay on Pantheism (London, 1S66; revised and enlarged under the title Pantheism and Christianity, 1884); Religious Thought in England (3 vols., 1871-73); Contemporary Essays in Theology (1872); and Religious Thought in England in the Nineteenth Century (1896).
HUNT, WILLIAM : Church of England; b. at Clifton (a west suburb of Bristol), Gloucestershire, Mar. 3, 1842. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford