RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Humility Hungary
a one-sidedly intellectual life. After the development of these fundamental thoughts Hundeshagen turns toward the ecclesiastical questions of the time, throwing light upon Pietism, ecclesiastical science, the theological and churchly reaction, the question of symbols from the standpoint of theology and church polity, the Christian State, the " Friends of Light," the question of church constitution, the supposed " mission of the German Catholics," and finally " Protestantism as a political principle."
Hundeshagen's principal scientific work is the presentation of his positive, though liberal, ideas on church polity in his Beitrdge zur Kirchenverfassungsgeschichte und Kirchenpolitik, insbesondere des Protestantismus (vol. i., Wiesbaden, 1864; no more published). It consists of three parts. The first treats " the religious and ethical condition of Christian piety according to their mutual relation and their respective influence upon the doctrinal peculiarities and church organization of older Protestantism." The second part treats " the Reformatory work of Ulrich Zwingli, or the theocracy in Zurich," which may be designated as the most important and the classic presentation of the Zurich Reformation. Hundeshagen finds the main fault of Zwingli's Reformatory efforts in his theocratical organization. The third and most comprehensive part discusses " the distinguishing religious peculiarities of Lutheran and Reformed Protestantism and their reaction upon the capacity of both for church organization." Hundeshagen finds little talent for church organization in the Lutheran Church because doctrinal interests are confounded with those of a churchly and religious nature. (W. Beyschlag")".)
Bibliography: A selection of the writings of Hundeshagen was published by T. Christlieb with a catalogue of the published works, Gotha, 1874; Christlieb also issued K. B. Hundeshagen, Eine Lebensskizze, Gotha, 1873. Consult also: Riehm, in TSK, 1874; P. Schaff, Germany, its Universities, Theology and Religion, pp. 399 sqq., Philadelphia, 1857.
HUNGARIAN CONFESSIONS: The chief supporter of the Reformed doctrine in Hungary was Matyas Biro Devay (q.v.), who in his first efforts followed the lead of Luther, but after 1542 favored the Swiss tendency. Owing to the activity of Peter Melius, Debreczin became, after 1558, the spiritual center of the Reformed movement, to which almost all Hungarian Protestants submitted, while Transylvania remained Lutheran. The first confession of the Reformed was occasioned by the attempts at a Counterreformation by Bishop Anton Verantz of Erlau, who was under the influence of the Jesuits. The confession appeared in 1562 as Confessio Catholica exhibita sacratissimo et Catholico
Romanorum Imperatori Ferdinando et filio sum Mayestatis Regi Maximiliano , and also as
Confessio ecclesice Debreciensis. The document was not well digested or arranged, and was unsymmetrical. This, therefore, led to a still closer affiliation with the Swiss theology. A synod of Tarczal in 1562 adopted, with slight changes, Beza's Confessio Chrisiianm fidei under the title Compendium doctrince Christiana, quam omnes pastores et ministri ecclesiarum Dei in tota Ungaria et Transsylvania, quw incorruvtum Jesu Christi evangelium amplexce
sunt, docent ac profitentur. This document was supplanted again by the Confessio Helvetica posterior of Bullinger, although, at the synod of Debreczin in 1567, the former confessions were not annulled. A number of other synods set up new orthodox articles occasioned by the antitrinitarian controversies and the controversy on the Lord's Supper, as, for instance, the Confessio Czengerina of 1570. The modern Reformed Church in Hungary and Austria accepts only the Helvetic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism. (E. F. K. Muller.)
Bibliography: K. Miiller, Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche, Leipsic, 1903; E. Bohl, Confessio Helvetica posterior, pp. xv sqq., Vienna, 1866; P. Bod, Hist. Hungarorum eccl., vol. i., Leyden, 1888; F. Balogh, in Reformed Church Review, July, 1906.
HUNGARY.
I. Roman and Greek Catholic Churches. Roman Catholics (§1). Uniats (§ 2). Greek Orientals (§ 3).
II. Protestant Churches. Lutherans (§1). Reformed Church
(§2). Other Bodies (§ 3).
The kingdom of Hungary, in southern Europe, forms, with Austria, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (see Austria). The lands of the Hungarian crown, comprising Hungary proper (with Transylvania), Croatia and Slavonia, and the district of Fiume, have an area of 125,430 square miles and a population (1901) of 19,254,559, of whom 8,742,301 (45.4 per cent) speak the Magyar language ; 2,135,181 (11.1 per cent) the German; 2,019,641 (10.5 per cent) the Slovak; 2,799,479 (14.5 per cent) the Rumanian; 429,447 (2.2 per cent) the Ruthenian; 1,678,569 (8.7 per cent) the Croatian; 1,052,180 (5.5 per cent) the Servian; and 397,761 (2.1 per cent) other languages. At the census of 1901 there were 9,919,913 (51.5 per cent) Roman Catholics; 1,854,143 (9.6 per cent) Greek Uniats; 2,815,713 (14.6 per cent) Greek Orientals; 1,288,942 (6.7 per cent) Lutherans; 2,441,142 (12.7 per cent) of the Reformed Church; 68,568 (0.4 per cent) Unitarians; 851,378 (4.4 per cent) Jews; and 14,760 (0.1 per cent) of other sects (Anglicans, Baptists, Nazarites, etc.). By law 20 of the year 1848 full equality and reciprocity were guaranteed to the Roman Catholic, Greek, Lutheran, Reformed, and Unitarian churches, the expenses of the above churches for ecclesiastical and school purposes to be borne by the State, but the complete fulfilment of this promise still lies in the future. Law 42 of the year 1895 added the Jewish religion, and the Baptists were recognized by the ministerial order of Nov. 2, 1905.
I. Roman and Greek Catholic Churches: The
Roman Catholic Church in Hungary was founded
by King Stephen I., who was crowned
i. Roman with the apostolic crown given by
Catholics. Sylvester II., in the year 1001. Since his time the kings of Hungary have exerted apostolic rights, and since 1404 they have had the right of giving or withholding their sanction to the papal bulls (in abeyance from 1855 to 1870). The head of the Church in Hungary is the archbishop of Esztergom (Gran), who has been the primate of the kingdom since 1279. He crowns the king and administers to him the oath; he has the right to summon the national synod. Under his rule are
Hungary
Hunnius