THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
484.
among the Crows of Montana. In much of the Indian mission work the Women's Boards of the Baptist Church have effectively cooperated with the general society.
The Indian work of the Methodist Episcopal Church began in 1814, when John Stewart, a colored Methodist convert, started a mission 9. Meth- among the Wyandottes in Ohio. The odists. success of that mission led to the organization of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and various missions were carried on among the Indians of the southern States from 1821 to 1830. In 1844 the Indian Mission Conference was organized, and in the division of the Church in that year the Indian Conference remained with the Methodist Episcopal Church South. By 1846 the Indian work of the latter branch of the Church included missions among the Pottawattomis, Chippewa, Peoria, Wea, Kansas Wyandotte, Shawnee, Kickapoo, Quapaw, Seneca, and other fragments of tribes located on reservations in the Indian Territory. Later, missions to the Comanches, Apaches, and Kiowas were added. The Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1906, had about thirty-five missions to Indians, of which five were in New York, six on the Pacific coast, one in Montana, and twenty-three in the States of the Mississippi Valley.
In 1847 the Lutherans began work among the Chippewa Indians in lower Michigan. The first mission school was opened at Franken- 10. Lu- muth, on Cass River, under the austherans. pices of the Evangelical Lutheran Missionary Society of Dresden, Germany, and in the same year a second station was opened at Bethany, on Pine River. Later, missions were opened among the Apaches on the San Carlos reservation in Arizona, and among the Stockbridges and Munsee Indians in Wisconsin. In 1880 the Mennonites began work among the Arapahoes at Darlington, Indian Territory, and about three years later among the Cheyennes at Cantonment, Oklahoma. The work at Darlington was abandoned and another station opened at Cantonment among the Arapahoes. Subsequently, stations were opened at Clinton and at Harmon, Oklahoma, among the Cheyennes. In 1893 a mission to the Hopis at Oraibi, Arizona, and in 1905 another among the same tribe at Moen Copi, Arizona, were taken over from the National Indian Association. In the latter year a mission was started upon the Lame Deer Agency in Montana among the so-called Northern Cheyennes.
In 1884 the National Indian Association, which for some years previously had devoted its efforts to secure legal recognition and protecn. The tion for Indians, began missionary National work among them. The policy of this Indian As- association is to do pioneer work, sociation. going only to tribes, or separated parts of tribes, where Christian instruction is not given by other agencies. After opening the stations and meeting the heavier expense of building missionary cottages and chapels, such stations, with all the property accumulated, are given to denominational boards asking for them and promis-
ing the continuance of the work. The first stations of this association were among the Poncas, Otoes, and Pawnees of Indian Territory. In 1886 a mission was opened among the Sioux of South Dakota, and two stations among six tribal remnants in northwestern California. In 1887 work for the Bannocks and Shoshones of Idaho was begun; two stations were established among the Omahas of Nebraska; and five centers of work were opened at Sitka, Alaska, the latter resulting in the famous Indian " model settlement " there. In 1889 work was undertaken among some of the Mission Indians of southern California, where eight preaching-stations and three missions were established, and in the same year work was begun among the Kiowas of Indian Territory. In 1890 a mission and day school among the Plumas County Indians of northern California were established, and hospital work among the Crow Indians of South Dakota. In 1891 a school was opened for the Apache prisoners at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama, and work among the absentee Shawnees and Kickapoos of Oklahoma and the Florida Seminoles was undertaken the same year. In 1892 a mission to the Moki of Arizona, and the following year one to the Piegans of Montana were opened. The same year missions were begun among the Walapai of Arizona, and a school established among the Spokanes of Washington. During the years from 1892 to 1905 work was undertaken among the Uncompahgre Utes; at four stations among the Hopis; among the Hoopas and Desert Indians of California; at five stations among the Navajos; among the Yumas of California and the Apache-Mojaves of Arizona. Since 1884 this association has done pioneer mission work among fifty tribes, or separated parts of tribes, and erected more than fifty buildings. These missions and buildings have been given, one at a time, to the permanent care of Presbyterians, Baptists, Moravians, the Episcopal Church, to Methodists, Mennonites, and to the Society of Friends.
Among missions begun in recent years are those of the Reformed Church in America, which began work among the Arapahoes and Cheyennes at Colony, Oklahoma, in 1895, under the care of the Women's Executive Committee of the Church. Four years later work was begun among the Apache prisoners at Fort Sill, and in 1903 the Church opened a mission to the Comanches.
John W Clark.
Bibliography: A work of value is Handbook of American Indians, part 1, Washington, 1907 (a descriptive list of the stocks, tribes and settlements of Indians north of Mexico, of their manners, arts, customs and institutions, and of mission work among them, published by the Smithsonian Institution). Not to be neglected is the great body of sources now available for the history of Catholic missions in Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791, 73 vols, and index, 2 vols., Cleveland, 1896- 1902. Books which deal either with the history of missions or with the state of civilization among the Indians are: J. Heckewelder, A Narrative of the Missions of the United Brethren among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians, Philadelphia, 1820, republished 1882 (charmingly quaint}; P. Everhard, Hist, of Indian Baptist Missions in North America, Boston, 1831; I. McCoy, Hist, of Baptist Indian Missions, Washington, 1840; C. Campbell, Historical Sketch of Early Missions among the Indians of Maryland, Baltimore, 1846; J. G. Shea, Hist, of Catholic Mission*