RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Israel, History of Italy
Moscatta, Jews of Spain and Portugal and the Inquisition, ib. 1877; A. Pulido Fernandez, Espanoles sin patria y la razaSefardi, Madrid, 1905. On the United States: I.Markens, Hebrews in America, 1885; Judaism at the World's Parliament of Religions, Cincinnati, 1894; C. S. Bernheimer, The Russian Jew in the United States, Philadelphia, 1905; The Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Jews in the United States: Addresses at Carnegie Hall, Thanksgiving Day, 1905, New York, 1905. B. A. Elzas, The Jews of South Carolina, Philadelphia, 1906; and the publications of the Jewish Historical Society. On other lands: G. Meynie, L'Algerie juive, Paris, 1887; D. Cazes, Hist, des Israelites de Tunisie, ib. 1888; G. Corneilhan, Le Judaisme en Egypte et en Syrie, ib. 1889; L. Burieu, Les Juifs algeriens, ib. 1902; A. Steinberg, Studien zur Geschichte der Juden in der Schweiz, Zurich, 1902; J. H. Lord, The Jews of India and the Far East, Bombay, 1906; J. Chalom, Les Israelites de la Tunisie, Paris, 1908.
On post-Biblical literature consult: M. Steinschneider, Die arabische Literatur der Juden, Frankfort, 1902; J. Guttmann, Die Scholastic des IS. Jahrhunderts in ihren Beziehungen zum Judentum, Breslau, 1902; H. Brody and K. Albrecht, The New-Hebrew School of Poets of the Spanish-Arabian Epoch, Leipsic, 1906; I. Abrahams, A Short Hist, of Jewish Literature from the Fall of the Temple, London, 1906; D. Neumark, Geschichte der jiidischen Philosophic des Mittelalters, vol. i., Berlin, 1907; Nathaniel ibn al-Fayyumi, The Bustan alukul, ed. and transl. from a unique MS. by D. Levine, New York, 1908.
ITALA. See Bible Versions, A, II., 1.
ITALY.
I. The Roman Catholic Church. Modern Status in the State (§ 1). Position of the Pope (§ 2). Organization (§ 3). The Old Catholics (§ 4). II. Protestant Bodies.
The Waldensian Church (§ 1).
The Evangelical Italian Church (§ 2).
Foreign Missionary Congregations and Churches (§ 3).
Benevolent Institutions (§ 4).
Bible and Tract Societies (§ 5).
Periodicals (§ 6).
The present kingdom of Italy, comprising besides the main peninsula the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, and a number of smaller islands, was formed in Mar., 1861. The total area is 110,659 square miles; population (1901), 32,475,253, of whom 31,539,863 (99.7 per cent.) are Roman Catholics, 65,595 Protestants (including 20,538 foreigners), and 35,617 Jews. The capital is Rome. Religious liberty prevails, and adherents of all faiths enjoy equal civil and political rights.
I. The Roman Catholic Church: Until 1848 the Roman Catholic clergy, including the religious orders, occupied an exceptional posi- StatusTn tion in *ta,ly- Tnev were exempt from the State. taxati°n and from temporal jurisdiction, and had the public educational and charitable institutions entirely in their hands. The kingdom of Sardinia took the lead in bringing about the new order. By law of Aug. 25, 1848, the Jesuits were excluded, as also the Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and a law of Mar. 1, 1850, placed all ecclesiastical institutions of a beneficent character under state supervision. Other statutes put an end to exemption from temporal jurisdiction and taxation, forbade religious institutions to receive gifts without royal sanction, and levied an annual tax on the receipts of the "dead hand" (see Mortmain). By the law of May 29, 1855, all religious orders in Sardinia not engaged in preaching, teaching, or nursing the sick, were dissolved VI.— 5
and their property alienated by the State. On the basis of this law 274 monasteries, with 3,733 monks, and sixty-one convents, with 1,756 inmates, were closed, and 2,722 chapters and private benefices were disestablished. In 1861 the same principles were carried out in Umbria, in the Marches, and in Naples. These principles were applied to the entire kingdom of Italy by the laws of July 7, 1866, Aug. 15, 1867, and June 19, 1873. The property thus acquired by the State was formed into an ecclesiastical fund (Fondo per il culto) for the support of religious worship and public education, and for the payment of pensions to monks and nuns of closed monasteries. Since the suppressed orders might continue to exist as private associations, there are still about 40,000 monks in Italy. Up to June 30, 1898, 44,376 ecclesiastical foundations had come into the possession of the State. The annual income from this property is about 33,000,000 lire. All chapels and churches used for public worship are exempt from confiscation, as also episcopal residences, together with the official buildings connected with them, clerical seminaries, and such cloisters as were turned over to the provinces or communes for public purposes, educational or charitable. All the Roman Catholic theological faculties in the seventeen state universities were abolished by law in 1873.
The temporal power of the pope was quietly brought to an end Sept. 20, 1870, but on May 13, 1871, a law was passed guaranteeing his independence, and making his person sacred and inviolable, like that of the king. The honors of sovereignty are due to him, and he is allowed to keep a bodyguard. The State grants him annually a pension of 3,225,000 lire, which, however, he has hitherto declined to receive; and the palaces of the Vatican and the Lateran, and the villa of Castel Gandolfo (near Albano), with their libraries and collections, are declared to be the property of the holy see, inalienable, free of taxation, and exempted from expropriation. The Italian Government furthermore guarantees the freedom and independence of the conclave, and of all ecclesiastical officers in the execution of their official functions. In the city of Rome, all seminaries, academies, and colleges for the education of the clergy remain under the special authority of the pope; and the State has renounced its right of appointment and nomination to the higher ecclesiastical benefices. No Italian bishop is compelled to take the oath to the king, and no royal placet is necessary to the execution of a purely ecclesiastical act. Meanwhile the pope resides in the Vatican, keeping a court of about 1,800 persons, and maintaining the Curia (q.v.) for the government of the Roman Catholic Church at large. Foreign countries represented at the Vatican are: Austria- Hungary, Bavaria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Monaco, Nicaragua, Peru, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, San Domingo, and Spain.
The Roman Catholic Church in Italy numbers 49 archbishoprics, 221 bishoprics, and some 25,000 parishes. Hierarchically, the Church in Italy is divided into (1) the diocese of Rome, with the six suburban cardinal-bishoprics of Albano, Frascati, Ostia-Velletri, Palestrina, Porto, and Sabina;
2. Position of the Pope.
Italy
Italy, the Reformation in