RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Jacobites
Jacobus de Varagine
Jacob Baradaeus consult H. G. Kleyn, Jacobus Baradeus, Leyden, 1882; DCB, iii. 328-332.
JACOBS, HENRY EYSTER: Lutheran; b. at Gettysburg, Pa., Nov. 10, 1844. He was graduated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, in 1862, and Gettysburg Theological Seminary in 1865. After being a tutor in Pennsylvania College in 1864-67, he was a home missionary at Pittsburg, Pa., in 1867-68, and then pastor and principal of Thiel Hall, Phillipsburg, Pa. (now Thiel College, Greenville, Pa.), in 1868-70. In 1870 he returned to Pennsylvania College as professor of Latin and history (1870-80), classics (1880-81), and Greek (1881-83). Since 1883 he has been professor of systematic theology at the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, of which he has also been dean since 1894. Besides editing The Lutheran Review from 1882-96, he has translated and edited L. Hutter's Compend of Lutheran Theology (in collaboration with G. F. Spieker; Philadelphia, 1867); H. Schmid's Doctrinal Theology of the Lutheran Church (in collaboration with C. A. Hay; 1875) ; The Book of Concord : or, Symbolical Standards of the Lutheran Church (2 vols., 1882-83) ; H. A. W Meyer's Commentary on Galatians and Ephesians (New York, 1884); and F. Dusterdieck's Critical and Exegetical Handbook to the Revelation of John (1887). He likewise edited The Lutheran Commentary (13 vols., New York, 1895-99) to which he contributed the portion on Romans and I Corinthians, and The Lutheran Cyclopaedia (1899). As independent works he has written The Lutheran Movement in England during the Reigns of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., and its Literary Monuments (Philadelphia, 1891); History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States (New York, 1893); Elements of Religion (Philadelphia, 1894); Martin Luther, the Hero of the Reformation (New York, 1898); German Emigration to America, 1709- 1740 (Philadelphia, 1899); and Summary of the Christian Faith (1905).
JACOBS, JOSEPH: Jewish folklorist, historian, and critic; b. at Sydney, N. S. W., Aug. 29, 1854. He was educated at Sydney and London universities and at St. John's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1876), and also studied at Berlin. From 1878 to 1884 he was secretary of the Society of Hebrew Literature, and in 1882-1900 was secretary of the Mansion House (later Russo-Jewish) Fund and Committee, taking an active part in behalf of the Russian Jews. He has likewise devoted himself to Jewish history, and for this purpose visited Spain in 1888 to study manuscript sources, later turning his attention to the history of the Jews in England. He helped found the Jewish Historical Society of England, of which he was president in 1898-99, and also assisted in establishing the Maccabeans; and he was long a member of the executive committee of the Anglo-Jewish Association. In 1900 he settled permanently in New York, being revising editor of the JE (1901-06), and in 1906 was appointed professor of English literature and rhetoric in the Jewish Theological Seminary, also becoming editor of the American Hebrew. As a folklorist he occupies a foremost rank, and was for some years
editor of Folk-Lore and honorary secretary of the International Folk-Lore Society. Among his publications special mention may be made of the following: Studies in Jewish Statistics, Social, Vital, and Anthropometric (London, 1891); Jews of Angevin England, Documents and Records (1893); Studies in Biblical Archaeology (1894); Sources of the History of the Jews in Spain (1895); Jewish Ideals, and other Essays (1896); and As Others Saw Him (an imaginative life of Christ from a Jewish point of view; New York, 1903).
JACOBUS: The Latin form of James (q.v.); see also Jacob.
JACOBUS DE VARAGINE, GIACOMO DA VA- RAZZE, JACOPO DA VARAZZE (often called Jacob, or James, of Viraggio) : Archbishop of Genoa; b. at Casanuova in Varazze (on the coast, 18 m. s.w. of Genoa) c. 1228 (or 1230) ; d. in Genoa July 16 (?), 1298. He entered the Dominican order in 1244, probably studied at Cologne, Paris, and Bologna, became prior at Genoa (or Asti) about 1258, was provincial prior for Lombardy 1267-76, 1281- 86, and archbishop of Genoa 1292-98. He fulfilled several quasi-diplomatic missions and as archbishop exercised feudal authority over San Remo and governed certain churches in the Levant. As archbishop he promoted efforts for the reform of the clergy, intervened successfully to promote peace between Guelph and Ghibelline, and transferred the government of San Remo to the civil authority. He was beatified by Pius VII. in 1816, and is popularly reverenced in Liguria as the promoter of peace.
Jacobus is best known for his writings, especially the " Golden Legend," which was possibly the most popular book of the Middle Ages. This work, known also as " Lives of the Saints " and as Historia Lombardica, consists of readings from the lives of the saints for the festivals of the church year. It was probably written before 1260, and was very early translated into at least French, German, English (by William Caxton, 1484?), Italian, and Dutch. Within about fifty years after the invention of printing more than 100 editions of original and translations had been printed. Besides the " Golden Legend " Jacobus wrote several series of sermons " On the Saints," " On the Blessed Virgin," etc., only less popular than the Legend, and also known as " Golden " on account of their popularity. His " Chronicle of Genoa " is a somewhat heterogeneous mass, but not without some historical value. He is alleged also to have made the first translation of the Bible into Italian and there are reasons for supposing that he wrote the " Game of Chess," which, like the " Golden Legend," is best known in English under the name of Caxton. Several other hitherto disputed or lost writings, an " Art of Preaching," a " Summary of Vices and Virtues," Sermones in visitationibus religiosorum, etc., have recently been discovered or established as his.
E. C. Richardson.
Bibliogbaphy: For editions of the works of Jacobus consult: Potthast, Wegweiser, pp. 634-635. An incomplete text of the Chronicle is in Muratori, Scriptores, ix. 5-56; the most convenient text of the Sermons is that of Antwerp, 1712, in 6 vols.; the standard edition of the Golden
Jacobus Jahn