RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Jacobus Jahn
hymns, and spiritual love-songs. He sinks himself as a mystic into Christian metaphysics, and celebrates the exalted flight of the soul to God and its nuptials with the divine love; he relates the conflict between the penitent spirit and the body still rebelliously striving under the rod. In other poems he scourges with holy zeal the wrongs of the time — popular customs, luxury of the women, worldliness of the nuns, the papal Antichrist. Finally he brings before the people the life of Jesus, to teach them holy living after the rule of Christ, and celebrates poverty most highly.
The question of authenticity is much more difficult in case of the Latin hymns which bear Jacopone's name, and they have been ascribed to various authors. Apart from Cur mundus militat (cf. H. A. Daniel, Thesaurus hymnologicus, ii., Leipsic, 1844, 379; S. W- Duffield, Latin Hymn-Writers, New York, 1889, 279-280) the most important is the renowned sequence Stabat mater dolorosa, beside which the manuscripts contain also the parody Stabat mater speciosa juxta foenum gaudiosa, dum jacebat parvulus. The hymn undoubtedly originated in the Franciscan order, but who the actual author was is open to many hypotheses. Gregory the Great, Bernard of Clairvaux, Innocent III., and others have been suggested. The hymn is anonymous in manuscripts of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and it is tradition of the Franciscan order which names Jacopone as its author. It was sung by the Flagellants who traversed Italy in 1398 (see Flagellation, Flagellants) and, according to the Summa historialis of Antoninus Florentinus (d. 1450), sang " hymns in Latin and the vernacular, and especially that Stabat mater dolorosa which they say Gregory gave forth." The sequence was used in the Church as early as the fourteenth century, and eighty-three German translations alone are known. Of musical settings for this celebrated hymn, the compositions of Palestrina and Pergolese, Astorga, and Haydn are well known. The Protestant judgment of the hymn must be, doctrinally, that it divides reverence between mother and son in a manner never to be endured by a Protestant temperament; but, regarded esthetically, it may be pronounced a pearl among medieval hymns.
E. Lempp.
Bibliography: Bartholomew of Pisa, Liber conformitatum p. 60b, Milan, 1510; L. Wadding, Annates Minorum, v. 407 sqq., vi. 77 sqq., Rome, 1733; F. A. March, Latin Hymns, pp. 171-177, 300-303, New York, 1874 (gives text of Stabat mater, notes on it, and notes on Jacopone); H. Thode, Franz von Assisi und die Anfange der Renaissance in Italien, pp. 408 sqq., Berlin, 1885; S. W Duffield, Latin Hymn-Writers and their Hymns, chap, xxv., ib. 1889; KL, vi. 1196-98. On the Stabat mater the three best works are: F. G. Lisco, Stabat mater, Berlin, 1853; C. H. Bitter, Studie zum Stabat mater, Leipsic, 1883; J. Kayser, Beitrage zur Geschichte und Erklarung der altesten Kirchenhymnen, ii. 100-192, Paderborn, 1886; A. Tenneroni, in Nuova Antologia, June 16, 1907; G. Galli, Disciplinanti dell' Umbria del 1260 e le loro Landi, Turin, 1907. Available in English are R. C. Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry, pp. 262-263, London, 1864; Seven Great Hymns, pp. 96-109, New York, 1868 (text, transl., and notes); D. T. Morgan, Hymns of the Latin Church, pp. 5-8, 184-186, London, 1871; W. A. Merrill, Latin Hymns, pp. 65-66, Boston, 1904 (text and notes); Julian, Hymnology, pp. 1081-84 (admirable summary of data, details of principal texts and Eng. transls.).
JAEGER, ye'ger, JOHANN. See Epistolae Obscurtjm Virorum.
JAFFE, yaf'te', PHILIPP: German historian; b. at Schwersenz (6 m. e. of Posen), Prussia, Feb. 17, 1819; d. at Wittenberg Apr. 3, 1870. He studied at the University of Berlin under Ranke, and first distinguished himself by his prize-essay, Geschichte des deutschen Reichs unter Lothar dem Sachsen (Berlin, 1843), which was followed by his Geschichte des deutschen Reichs unter Konrad dem Dritten (Hanover, 1845). Finding that, as a Jew, the road to academic preferment in Prussia was closed to him, he took up the study of medicine in 1850, and spent the next three years in the universities of Berlin and Vienna. In 1854, however, shortly after he had passed his examination in medicine, he became the collaborator of G. H. Pertz on the Monumenta Germaniae historica and edited for that collection a number of works in which he showed great ability in historical-philological criticism. He became extraordinary professor of history at the University of Berlin in 1862, and withdrew from the Monumenta the following year. He turned Christian in 1868, broke with his old friends, fell into despondency, and finally committed suicide. Other important works by Jaffe are the invaluable Regesta pontificum Romanorum ad annum . 1198
(Berlin, 1851; 2d ed., Leipsic, 1881-88); the masterly Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum (6 vols., Berlin, 1864-73) ; and Ecclesim metropolitans Coloniensis codices (1874), in which W Wattenbach collaborated with him.
JAGGAR, THOMAS AUGUSTUS: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Southern Ohio; b. in New York City June 2, 1839. He was educated mainly by private tutors, and pursued his theological studies partly privately and partly in the General Theological Seminary, New York City. He was ordered deacon in 1860, and advanced to the priesthood in 1863. After being minister at St. George's, Flushing, N. Y. (1860-62), and Trinity, Bergen Point, N. J. (1863-64), he was rector of Anthon Memorial (now All Souls'), New York City, in 1864-68, St. John's, Yonkers, N. Y., in 1868-70, and Holy Trinity, Philadelphia, in 1870-75. In 1875 he was consecrated first bishop of Southern Ohio. Ill health, from which he had long suffered, however, obliged him to retire from the episcopal office in 1889, although he still retains his seat and vote in the house of bishops. While at Yonkers he founded St. John's Riverside Hospital in that city. He has written Duty of the Clergy in Relation to Modern Scepticism (Cincinnati, O., 1883), and The Personality of Truth (Bohlen lectures for 1900; New York, 1900).
JAHN, yan, JOHANN: Roman Catholic Biblical scholar; b. at Tasswitz, near Znaim (47 m. n.n.w. of Vienna), Moravia, June 18, 1750; d. at Vienna Aug. 16, 1816. He attended the gymnasium at Znaim, studied philosophy at Olmiitz, and in 1772 began the study of theology at the Premonstratensian convent of Bruck, near Znaim. After he had taken the vow in 1774 he was employed for a time in pastoral work at Mislitz, but was soon recalled to Bruck as teacher of Oriental languages and Biblical hermeneutics. On the suppression of the
Jainism