THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1904; idem, Imperial Japan : the Country and its People, London, 1905 ; I. O. Nitobe, Bushido, the Soul of Japan, New York, 1905; Mrs. E. Bickersteth, Japan, 1908.
On II, 1, consult: the Kojiki, transl. by B. H. Chamberlain, the supplement to Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. x., 1882; the Nihongi, transl. by W. G. Aston in the Transactions of the Japan Society, 1896; W. G. Aston. Shinto, New York, 1905; P. Lowell, Occult Japan, Boston, 1895; F. Binder, Old World Japan: Legends of the Land of Gods, New York, 1895; J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folklore, London, 1901; F. Brinkley, Japan, ut sup.; W E. Griffis, The Religions of Japan, New York, 1904; M. Bevon, Le Shintoisme, Paris, 1907; G. W. Knox, The Development of Religion in Japan, New York, 1907; E. Buckley. Phallicism in Japan, Chicago, privately printed. There are many papers of importance in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, e.g., E. Satow, The Shinto Temples of Ise, ii. 113; idem, The Revival of Pure Shinto, iii. appendix; idem, Ancient Japanese Rituals, iv. 409, vii. 97, ix. 183; P. Lowell, Esoteric Shinto, xxi.xxii.; D. C. Greene, Tenrikyo, xxiii. 24; K. Florenz, Ancient Japanese Ritual, xxvii. 1; A. Lloyd and D. C. Greene, The Remmonkyo, xxiv. 1, 17; J. Leo, Die Entwickelung des altesten japanischen Seelenlebens, Leipsic, 1907.
On II, 2, consult: B. Nanjio, A Short Hist, of the Twelve Japanese Buddhist Sects, Tokyo, 1886; World's Parliament of Religions, 2 vols., Chicago, 1893; L. Hearn, Gleanings in Buddha Fields, Boston, 1897; idem, Japan, an Interpretation, ut sup.; F. Brinkley, ut sup.; W E. Griffis, The Religions of Japan, ut sup.; and the following papers in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan: J. M. James, Notes on Rosaries used by Different Sects of Buddhists, ix. 173; J. Troup, Ore the Tenets of Shinshiu, xiv. 1; J. Summers, Buddhism and Traditions concerning its Introduction into Japan, xiv. 73; J. Troup, The Gobunsho, xvii. 101; A. Lloyd, Developments of Japanese Buddhism, xxii. 337.
On III, 1, the most valuable sources of information are to be found in the letters and reports of the missionaries, of which J. Hay gives many in De rebus Japonicis, Antwerp, 1605. Consult: Abbe1 de Talon (J. Crasset), Hist, de Veglise du Japon, 2 vols., Paris, 1689, Eng. transl., London, 1705; P. F. Charlevoix, Hist, et description generate du Japan, 9 vols., Bouen, 1736; idem, Hist, du christianisme au Japon, 2 vols., ib. 1715; L. Pages, Hist, de la religion chretienne au Japon, 2 vols., Paris, 1869; Le Premier Missionaire catholique du Japon au xix. siecle, Lyons, 1885 (largely composed of the letters of T. A. Forcade); F. Marnas, La Religion de Jesus ressuscitee au Japon, 2 vols., Paris, 1896; B. A. Wilberforce, Dominican Missions and Martyrs in Japan, London, 1897; J. Murdoch and Y. Yamagata, History of Japan 1542-1851, Kobe", 1903; M. Steichen, The Christian Daimyo, Yokohama, 1903; part of the literature under Francis Xaviek; also the letters and reports in Annals of the Propagation of the Faith and Catholic Missions, periodicals published in London.
On III, 2, consult: C. Hale, Missions of the Russian Church, in American Church Review, Oct., 1878; G. W. Taft, Bishop Nicolai, in Japanese Evangelist, June, 1896; The first two volumes of a compendious history in Japanese, Nihon Seikyo Dendo Shi, were published Tokyo, 1900.
On III, 3, consult: Proceedings of the General Conference of Protestant Missionaries of Japan, Yokohama, 1883; General Conference of Protestant Missionaries of Japan, Tokyo, 1901; H. Ritter, Dreissig Jahre protestantischer Mission in Japan, Berlin, 1890, Eng. transl., History of Protestant Missions in Japan, Tokyo, 1898; M. L. Gordon, An American Missionary in Japan, Boston, 1892; Jinzo Naruse, A Modern Paul in Japan: Account of the Life and Work of Rev. P. Sawayana, ib. 1893; R. B. Peery, The Gist of Japan, New York, 1897; idem, Lutherans in Japan, Newberry, S. C, 1900; A. D. Hail, Japan and its Rescue, Nashville, 1898; E. Stock, Japan and the Japan Mission of the Church Missionary Society, London, 1898; O. Cary, Japan and its Regeneration, New York, 1904; W E. Griffis, Dux Christus, ib. 1904; H. Moore, The Christian Faith in Japan, London, 1904; E. W Clement, Christianity in Modern Japan, Philadelphia, 1905; H. K. Miller, Hist, of the Japan Mission of the Reformed Church. 1879-1904, ib. 1905; A. Arnold, The Light of Japan. Church Work in South Tokyo, Osaka,
and Kiushiu under the Church of England, Hartford, 1906; W. M. Imbrie, The Church of Christ in Japan, Philadelphia, 1906; The Christian Movement in its Relation to the New Life of Japan, an annual published in Tokyo, 1903 sqq.; R. Allier, Le Protestantisme au Japon, Paris, 1908; O. Cary, Hist, of Christianity in Japan, New York, 1909.
JAPHET. See Tables of the Nations, § 4.
JASON: A Greek name borne often by Jews of Maccabean or later times and by Jewish Christians. On account of its resemblance to the Hebrew-Jewish name Jesus or Joshua, it was often assumed by Jews inclined to Greek culture or living in a Greek environment. The following are notable bearers of the name.
1 . A brother of the high priest Onias III., himself occupying the office 174-172 b.c. Two very different accounts of him exist, the first in II Mace, iv. 7 sqq., v. 5 sqq. (cf. i. 7), and the second in Josephus, Ant. XII., v. 1 (cf. XV., iii. 1). According to the first account, Jason became an apostate from the Jewish religion, bought from Antiochus IV. the office of high priest for 440 talents, and for 150 more the right to erect in Jerusalem training-places for Greek athletics and to enroll Jerusalemites as citizens of Antioch. He encouraged Greek sports, and sent an embassy with a gift to the Heraeles-Melcarth festival at Tyre. After three years he was superseded by Menelaus, who outbid him for the office. He fled to the Ammonites across the Jordan, but returned in 170 b.c. with a band of 1,000 men, when a report was spread that Antiochus had died on his second Egyptian expedition, took Jerusalem, and inflicted great slaughter there. He was compelled again to flee, first to the Ammonites, then to the Arabian Prince Aretas, next to Egypt, and finally to Lacedemonia, where he died. According to Josephus he came into the office in an orderly manner, after the death of his brother, fell into disfavor with Antiochus, and was compelled to yield his office to his brother Menelaus, who was the real sponsor for Greek culture. Willrich accepts Josephus' account on the ground that II Maccabees is a falsified " tendency- writing, " but the majority of scholars are against this.
2. The son of Eleazar, who, according to I Mace, viii. 17 (cf. II Mace. iv. 11 and Josephus, Arti. XII., x. 6), was sent about 161 b.c. with Eupolemus to Rome by Judas Maccabeus as ambassador to make a treaty of friendship. The treaty was made, though its results were not actually apparent. Willrich casts doubts upon the historicity of the event.
3. Jason of Cyrene, a Hellenistic Jew who, according to II Mace. ii. 19, wrote a history in Greek in five books on the Maccabees, the purification of the temple, the wars of the Jews against Antiochus Epiphanes and Eupator, and the divine help which came in those times. It embraced the period 171- 161 b.c, and is the basis of II Maccabees, the author of which lays the responsibility for his form of statement of the facts upon Jason, though probably Jason is also a mask through which his own personality speaks. Jason wrote between 162 and 125 w.c, and probably in Egypt.
4. In Rom. xvi. 21 Paul speaks of a kinsman Jason, who possibly lived in Corinth (cf. Rom. xvi. 1).
Ill