THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ruling a small territory limited on the north by the Benjaminitic Nob, Gibeah of Saul, and Ramab., and on the south by Bethlehem of Judah. Their independence was not especially important until the time of David, when he wished to unite his northern and his southern territories, and therefore captured the place (II Sam. v. 6-8; I Chron. xi. 4-6). After that they were in part freemen on their own possessions (implied by the story of Araunah or Oman, II Sam. xxiv. 16; I Chron. xxi. 15), and in part slaves (under Solomon, I Kings ix. 20-21). The text of the description of the boundary between Judah and Benjamin calls the hill north of the Valley of Hinnom " the Shoulder of the Jebusites " (Josh. xv. 8, xviii. 16), whence it may be concluded that the part of the city which the Jebusites occupied in later times was that to the southeast. It might be concluded from Josh. x. 5 that as Adonizedek is reckoned to the Amorites the Jebusites were also Amorites; but this is not conclusive, as it may be held that the Amorites had recently come in, while the Jebusites were regarded as early inhabitants of the land. From the frequent mention of the people (e.g., Gen. x. 16; Deut. vii. 1, xx. 17) nothing certain can be gathered regarding the racial affinities of the Jebusites. (H. Guthe.)
Bibliography: The subject is treated in the literature under Amarna Tablets and Jerusalem. Consult also: G. F. Moore, Commentary on Judges, New York, 1895; K. Budde, Das Buck der Richter, Gottingen, 1896; DB, ii. 554-555; EB, ii. 2415-16.
JEFFERS, ELIAKIM TUPPER: Presbyterian; b. at Stewiacke, Nova Scotia, Apr. 6, 1841. He studied at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa. (B.A., 1862), and Princeton Theological Seminary (1862- 1865), and at the United Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Alleghany, Pa (1865-66). He was pastor of the United Presbyterian Church at Oxford, Pa. (1865-72), after which he was president of Westminster College, New Wilmington, Pa., until 1890, and professor of theology in Lincoln University, Oxford, Pa (1883-90). He was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Oil City, Pa. (1890-93) and since 1893 has been president of the York Collegiate Institute, York, Pa. He has written Shortest Road to Ccesar (New York, 1896).
JEFFERS, WILLIAM HAMILTON: Presbyterian; b. at Cadiz, O., May 1, 1838. He was graduated from Geneva College, Northwood, Pa. (now Beaver Falls, O.; A.B., 1855), and at the United Presbyterian Theological Seminary at Xenia, O. (1859). He was pastor of the combined United Presbyterian churches of Bellefontaine and Northwood, O. (1862- 1866) ; was professor of Latin and Hebrew in Westminster College, New Wilmington, Pa. (1866-69); professor of Greek in the University of Wooster, Wooster, O. (1869-75); pastor of the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian Church, Cleveland, O. (1875-77); and professor of historical theology in the Western Theological Seminary, Alleghany, Pa. (1877-1903). He has since resided at Los Angeles, Cal., and lectures on church history. While at Bellefontaine he was a member of the committee to revise the United Presbyterian metrical version of the Psalms.
JEFFERSON, CHARLES EDWARD: Congregationalist; b. at Cambridge, O., Aug. 29, 1860. He was educated at Ohio Wesleyan University (A.B., 1882); was superintendent of public schools in Worthington, O. (1882-84); studied at the School of Theology attached to Boston University (1884- 1887). He was pastor of the Central Congregational Church, Chelsea, Mass., from 1887 to 1898. Since 1898 he has been pastor of the Broadway Tabernacle, New York City. He has written: Quiet Talks with Earnest People in My Study (New York, 1898); Quiet Hints to Growing Preachers in My Study (1901); Doctrine and Deed (1901); Things Fundamental (1903); Faith and Life (1905); The Minister as Prophet (1905); The New Crusade (1907); The Old Year and the New (1907); Character of Jesus (1908); and My Father's Business: Series of Sermons to Children (1909).
JEHOAHAZ, je-ho'a-haz: 1. Eleventh king of Israel, son and successor of Jehu. His dates, according to the old chronology, are 856-840 B.C.; according to Kautzsch, 814-798 b.c. Under him the oppression of the northern kingdom by the Arameans reached its height, the army being reduced to fifty horsemen, ten chariots, and 10,000 foot soldiers. An addition to II Kings xiii. 22 in the Septuagint shows that the Arameans operated from the southwest as well as from the north against Jehoahaz. Under him the Asherah worship seems to have revived (II Kings xiii. 6).
2. Sixteenth king of Judah, third son and successor of Josiah (called Shallum, Jer. xxii. 11). He reigned only three months, according to the old chronology, in 610 B.C.; according to Kautzsch, 609 b.c; according to Peake, 608 b.c. He was evidently regarded as more energetic than his elder brother (see Jehoiakim), since the people elevated him to the throne; but both the Book of Kings and Josephus give him a bad character (II Kings xxiii. 30 sqq.; Ant. X., v. 2). Pharaoh Necho, on his return from his campaign to the Euphrates, summoned Jehoahaz to Riblah and threw him into chains to be carried to Egypt, whence he never returned, and put his brother Jehoiakim (Eliakim) in his place as king. Whether the name Shallum ( = " retribution "?) was symbolically applied or was his original name, discarded when he became king, is a subject of debate. [The list of Josiah's sons in I Chron. iii. 17-18 erroneously makes Shallum to be a different person from Jehoahaz.]
The name appears also in II Chron. xxi. 17 as that of King Ahaziah of Judah, and also, II Chron. xxxiv. 8, of a recorder under Josiah of Judah.
(E. Kautzsch.) Bibliography: Sources are: II Kings xiii. 1-9, xxiii. 30-35; II Chron. iii. 17-18, xxxvi. 1-3; Jer. xxii. 10-12. Consult the pertinent sections of the histories mentioned under Ahab; and Israel, History op; and the articles in DB, EB, and JE.
JEHOIACHIN, je-hei'a-kin: Eighteenth king of Judah, son and successor of Jehoiakim. He reigned only three months, in 598 b.c. according to the old chronology, 597 b.c. according to nearly all modern historians. The difference in his age at his accession and in the length of his reign as given in II Kings xxiv. 8 and II Chron. xxxvi. 9 is probably