THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Wyclif had made up from Wyclif's writings and which they asserted represented Wyclif's heretical teachings. Jerome declared that he rejected them in their general tenor.
When, on Oct. 11, 1414, Huss left for the council of Constance. Jerome assured him that if need be he would come to his assistance. This promise he faithfully kept, for on Apr. 4, 1415, he arrived at Constance. As he had, unlike Huss, come without a safe-conduct, his friends persuaded him to return to Bohemia. But on his way back he was arrested at Hirschau on Apr. 20 and taken to Sulzbach, where he was imprisoned, and was returned to Constance on May 23, and immediately arraigned before the council on the charge of fleeing a citation — one having been really issued against him, but as he was away at the time he was ignorant of it. His condemnation was predetermined in consequence of his general acceptance of the views of Wyclif, and also because of his open admiration of Huss. Consequently he had not a fair hearing. His imprisonment was so rigorous that he fell seriously ill and so was induced to recant at public sessions of the council held on Sept. 11 and 23, 1415. The words put into his mouth on these occasions made him renounce both Wyclif and Huss. The same physical weakness made him write in Bohemian letters to the king of Bohemia and to the University of Prague, which were declared to be entirely voluntary and to state his own opinions, in which he announced that he had become convinced that
Huss had been rightfully burned for heresy. But this pitiful course did not secure his liberation nor decrease the likelihood of his condemnation. For on May 23, 1416, and on May 26, he was put on trial by the council. On the second day he boldly recanted his recantation, and so on May 30 he was finally condemned and immediately thereafter burned. He died heroically.
Jerome was of blameless life, and his attachment to the Roman Church was sincere; consequently, as he rejected Wyclif's teachings as to the Lord's Supper, the council really had slender grounds for his execution. His extensive travels, his wide erudition, his eloquence, his wit, made him a formidable critic of the degenerate church of his day, and it was for his criticisms rather than for heresy that his death was compassed.
Bibliography: The contemporary sources of his life are the well-known letter of Poggio Bracciolini describing his trial (Opera, pp. 301-305, translated by William Shepherd, Life of Poggio Bracciolini, 2d ed., 1837, pp. 69-79), and the chronicle of Jan Zizkovi, edited by Jaroslav Goll in Bohemian and published in Prague in 1878, Vypsani o Mistru Jeronymovi z Prahu. It has been followed by the Bohemian scholars, A. H. Wratislaw in his John Huss, London, 1882, pp. 376-408; and Count Liitzow, John Hus, ib. 1909, pp. 321-334. Consult further: L. Heller, Hieronyrnus von Frag, Liibeck, 1835; C. Becker, Die beiden bohmischen Reformatoren . Hus und Hieronyrnus von Prag, Nordlingen, 1858; E. H. Gillett, Life and Times of John Huss, 2 vols., New York, 1871; and the literature under Huss, John.
JEROME, SAINT, ORDERS OF. See Hieront-
mites; Jesuates.
JERUSALEM.
I. Topography. II. Water Supply.
III. Soil and Formation.
IV. Climate.
V History of the City.
Pre-Israelitic Jerusalem (§ 1).
Davidic and Solomonic Jerusalem
(§2). From Solomon to the Exile (§ 3). From the Exile to Herod (§ 4). From Herod to the Destruction, 70
A.D. (§ 5).
Until Constantine the Great (§ 6). From Constantine to the Capture by
the Arabs (§ 7). Under the Arabs to'the Crusades (§ 8). During the Crusades (§ 9). From 1187 to the Present (§ 10).
I. Topography: The ground upon which Jerusalem stands is formed by a plateau extending southward from the Palestinian mountain range, and cut by valleys into several heights. The culmination of the range or watershed runs west of the city, and the surface on which the city is built slopes to the east and south, and on the south and southeast sinks abruptly into deep valleys. The watershed northwest and north of the city rises to a height of 2,675 feet above the Mediterranean; the lowest place in modern Jerusalem is 2,360 feet in elevation," while the whole city is situated at a lower elevation than the country round about. The heights about the city are in part still known by their old names. That to the east is the Mount of Olives (Zech. xiv. 4; Matt. xxi. 1), in early times the site of a sanctuary (II Sam. xv. 32). Looking from the city, it is seen to have four summits, of which the second from the north (Karam al-ljsayyad) is the highest (2,680 feet), while the third (Jabalal-fur) , from twenty to forty feet lower, on which are several consecrated buildings, passes in common speech as the Mount of Olives. The most southern peak (Bafn al-Hawa, 2,430 feet high) was known as the Mount of Corruption or Destruction (II Kings xxiii. 13; cf. I Kings xi. 7). The hill to the west corresponds probably to the hill Gareb of Jer.
xxxi. 39, rising to the height of 2,555 feet; that to the south, called Goah in Jer. xxxi. 39 (2,545 feet high), is the modern Abu Tur, called by Europeans the Hill of Evil Counsel, on the basis of John xi. 47-53. The elevation north of the city is called Skopos by Josephus {Ant. XL, viii. 5).
The principal valley is that of the Kidron, rising north of the city, bending east and then south, and dividing the city from the Mount of Olives, all the time deepening rapidly. At present, parts of this valley bear different names. Of tributary valleys may be mentioned one which in early times emptied opposite the Garden of Gethsemane of the Latins immediately below the Golden Gate of the present east wall of the Haram al-Sharif; it is now practically filled up. Formerly it was formed of two branches which served to divide the city, as is shown by the researches of Warren and Wilson. Another tributary valley used to empty immediately north of the Virgin's Fount, opposite the upper part of the village of Silwan, but is now completely filled. A third empties below the Pool of Siloam, opposite the lower part of the village of Silwan, and rises in two hollows above the Damascus Gate. It runs first southeast, then south, and then again southeast, being joined about the middle of its course by a valley coming from the west. Both