RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Jerusalem
the " city of David " and Jerusalem, and by the latter was meant the city on the southwest hill, which must have been the part so protected by Solomon's wall, the course of which Josephus claims to give (War, V., iv. 2). Remains of a wall which may have been the northern part of Josephus's wall have been discovered south of David Street, viz., the so-called Wilson's arch; but the latter can hardly be ascribed to the time of Solomon. Investigations respecting the course of Solomon's wall have been carried on by the English engineer, H. Maudsley, and the American, F. J. Bliss, during which several gates have been discovered as well as the direction of the fortification, but whether these belonged to the erection of Solomon or to later times is not fully determined. The valley gate was probably at the southwest corner of the old city, the dung gate on the south, and the fountain gate to the east by the Tyropoeon valley (formerly called the gate between the two walls, Jer. xxxix. 4).
The successors of Solomon, according to the Old Testament, often added to the fortifications of the city, and probably all the additions 3. From made are not mentioned in the records. Solomon Of special importance is the report that to the Hezekiah built " the other wall " (II Exile. Chron. xxxii. 5), i.e., one outside what had been till then the city limits, called by Josephus the second wall (War, V., iv. 2). A good basis for tracing this wall is found in Neh. iii. (cf. xii. 31, 37-40), and some remains have been discovered which are with good reason identified with the wall of Nehemiah. These remains are to the north of the so-called David's Tower, under the foundation of the German Evangelical Church, and still farther near the northwest corner of the Haram al-Sharif. This wall was pierced by two gates, called the old gate and the fish gate (Neh. iii. 6, xii. 39); the first was probably near the quarter of the Holy Sepulcher corner of the city, by the Prussian Hospice of St. John; the fish gate must have led to the Tyropceon. From Zeph. i. 10 it may be deduced that in this quarter or new city the Phenician traders had their shops. The towers of Hananeel and Hammeah (Jer. xxxi. 38; Neh. iii. 1) are usually located on the site of the later Antonia, and not far to the east must have been the sheep gate (Neh. iii. 1), perhaps identical with the gate of Benjamin (Jer. xxxvii. 13). A short distance east of the sheep gate the wall bent southward to follow the bank of the Kidron; the complete course of the wall is not yet made out, but that it changed direction several times is clear from Neh. iii. 19-20, 24-25, while iii. 26 compared with xii. 37 leaves doubtful the location of the water gate giving toward the east. Other gates mentioned are the middle gate (Jer. xxxix. 3), the gate of potsherds (Jer. xix. 2), the first gate of Zech. xiv. 10 near the corner gate, the gate of the guard (II Kings xi. 19, belonging to Solomon's palace), and the horse gate (Neh. iii. 28), the locations of which have not been found. The residents continued to make provision for water supply by hewing or constructing cisterns in which to collect rain-water. Neh. iii. 16 mentions an artificial pool in the city of David, called "the pool that was made," probably to distinguish
it from the natural pools theretofore used. It is difficult to locate all the cisterns or pools mentioned in the Old Testament. The upper pool of Isa. xxxvi. 2 seems to have been to the north or northwest of the old city, perhaps therefore the Mamilla pool west of the Gaza gate or the pool of Hezekiah; but many have distinguished the former as the upper pool and the latter as the lower pool (Isa. xxii. 9). The reservoir between the two walls of Isa. xxii. 11 is to be sought in the Tyropoeon valley between the city of David and Jerusalem; the pool of Shelah of Neh. iii. 15 is identified by many with that of Siloam. The inhabitants sought in three ways to make available the waters of the Gihon spring; an approach through the rock of the hill, a channel from the foot of the hill southward in the neighborhood of the water gate, and a tunnel conducting the water into the city. The first was discovered by Charles Warren in 1867-68; the second, in part, by Conrad von Schick in 1886 and 1890, found to be partly a covered channel, partly a tunnel; the third is the famous Siloam tunnel (in which is the Siloam inscription, q.v.), hewn not in a straight line, but first leading west from the spring, then south, and finally west again into the king's pool of Neh. ii. 14. If it be right to attribute this tunnel to Hezekiah, the other means of leading the water into the city belong to an earlier age, the first perhaps going back to the time of David or of the Jebusites. Signs indicate that during the Davidic dynasty numerous attempts were made to supply the city with water from a distance. To the south of Bethlehem is a group of waterworks which divide into three parts. To the west of the little village of Artas, three hours south of Jerusalem, are three great pools called the pools of Solomon, fed partly by springs in the neighborhood, partly by two canals, the one leading from the Wadi al-Biyar emptying into the upper pool, the other from the Wadi al-'Arrub emptying into the middle pool. The connection with Jerusalem was by two channels, an upper and a lower, of which the upper has a remarkable peculiarity. At first an ordinary canal, at the grave of Rachel it becomes a line of piping, which sinks and then rises farther on, built of stones bored into hollow cylinders fitting closely together and laid in a bed of masonry. This breaks off north of the tomb of Rachel, and from there only indistinct traces are discoverable. This must be regarded as ancient, possibly Solomonic or Davidic; the date of the lower channel is about that of Herod the Great. Besides these two conduits, traces of a third have been found.
The capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadrezzar,
587-586 B.C., resulted in the burning of the temple,
the royal palace, and the larger dwell-
4. From ings of the city; the encircling wall
the Exile was also thrown down. The remnant
to Herod, of inhabitants left by the conqueror in
the city was too poor and dispirited to
think of rebuilding. Gedaliah had his residence in
Mizpah, which indicates the unfitness of Jerusalem
as a capital. From Haggai (i. 4) is first heard the
story of rebuilding in the year 519 B.C. and of
the rebuilding of the temple 519-15 B.C., though the
Jerusalem