THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Calendar of State Papers, vols, i.-ii., London, 1864 sqq.; Pauli Jovii Historia sui temporis, Basel, 1517; O. Raynaldus, Annates ecclesiastici, Cologne, 1694-1727. Consult further: A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, iii. 10 sqq., Berlin, 1870; G. Balbi, Julius II., Berlin, 1877; J. Burckhardt, Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien, i. 112, 231 sqq., Leipsic, 1877; idem, Geschichte der Renaissance in Italien, pp. 11 sqq., ib. 1877; M. Brosch, Papst Julius II. und die GriXndung des Kirchenstaates, Gotha, 1878; F. Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vol. viii., Stuttgart, 1881; Creighton, Papacy, v. 68-202; Ranke, Popes, i. 39 sqq., iii. 11-14; Bower, Popes, iii. 283-290; KL, vi. 1998-2002.
Julius III. (Giovanni Maria del Monte): Pope 1550-55. He was born of a distinguished Roman family, being nephew of Cardinal Antonio del Monte, in Rome in 1487. By favor of Julius II. he succeeded his uncle as archbishop of Siponto, and in 1536 became cardinal under Paul III. As papal legate at the opening of the Council of Trent in 1545, he managed to thwart all the plans of the emperor. In spite of the opposition of the cardinals with imperial sympathies, he was elected pope after the death of Paul III. in 1550. Henceforth he thoroughly reversed his policy toward the emperor, inviting him to reopen the council after its suspension, and turned away from Henry II. of France, whereupon the latter sided with the Farnese nephews and tried to constitute them proprietors of the contested possessions in southern Italy which heretofore they had held from the Church as retainers. The pope was again obliged to suspend the council when Maurice of Saxony, in 1552, turned unexpectedly against the emperor, and almost captured him at Innsbruck. The most momentous event during the pontificate of Julius III. was the death of Edward VI. of England, and the return of England to the Roman obedience. Julius despatched Cardinal Pole (see Pole, Reginald) as plenipotentiary legate to Queen Mary Tudor, and he brought it to pass that Parliament again recognized the papal supremacy, though subject to acceptance of the consummated transfer of church property to state or private possession. He then achieved the bloody realization of the Counter-Reformation in England. The pontificate of Julius III. occurred at a time when in Italy, too, the nullification of the reforming movement was prosecuted with every instrument of force and cunning. He assured free play and advancement to the Inquisition, even though his indolent nature did not so energetically and personally interest him in this matter as proved true of his successors. That his moral life before and after his elevation to the papal throne bears no strict scrutiny, is attested by the utterances of many contemporaries. The avowed favorite Innocent, originally a street urchin of Parma, was not the only unworthy recipient on whom he bestowed church dignities and goods. He likewise endowed his relatives in this way; but the full time of political nepotism was past. Julius died May 23, 1555, shortly after sending Cardinal Morone to Germany, with the purpose of giving such a turn to the religious peace at the impending Diet of Augsburg, that Germany should be led back to the bosom of the Roman Church after the precedent of England. The same aim was to be promoted also by the Collegium Germanicum in
Rome, founded by Ignatius Loyola, and formally opened in 1552, where the elite of the Jesuit order were to be educated for the battle against German Protestantism. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: The bulls of Julius are in A. M. Cherubini, Magnum bullarium Romanum, i. 778 sqq., Turin ed. vi 401 sqq. Consult: Des faitz et gestes du pape Jules III, Geneva (?), 1551; O. Raynaldus, Annates ecclesiastici, Cologne, 1694-1727; Paolo Sarpi, The Historic of the Councell of Trent, pp. 298-303, 371, 376, 382-389, London, 1629; C. Weiss, Papiers de I'etat du cardinal de Granvelle, vol. iii.,' Paris, 1841; W. G. Soldan, Geschichte des Protestantism.ua in Frankreich, i. 226 sqq., Leipsic, 1855; Petrucelli della Gattina, Hist, diplomatique des conclaves, ii. 23 sqq., Paris, 1864; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, iii. 2, pp. 503 sqq., Berlin, 1870; L. Maynier, Etude historique sur le concile de Trente, pp. 586 sqq., Paris, 1874; M. Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaats, i. 189 sqq., Gotha 1880; De Leva, in Rivista storica Italiana, 1884, pp. 632 sqq.; Ranke, Popes, i. 206-210 et passim; Bower, Popes, iii. 317; KL, vi. 2002-05; and literature under Trent, Council of.
JULIUS AFRICANUS, SEXTUS: One of the most learned ecclesiastical writers of the third century; b. probably about 160 in Africa, perhaps in Libya; d. probably soon after 240. In early life he may have been an officer, but after the expedition of Septimius Severus against Osrhoene (195) he settled at Emmaus (Nicopolis) in Palestine. About 215 he spent some time in Alexandria studying under Heraclas, and later, in the reign of Elagabalus or Alexander Severus, went to Rome on behalf of his fellow citizens. He published his " Chronography " in the fourth year of Elagabalus, and his heterogeneous work entitled Kestoi (" Embroiderings ") under Alexander, to whom it was dedicated. His extant letter to Origen, whom he calls " son," was written in his old age. That he was ordained in later life is doubtful. He is one of the few ancient Greek Fathers who were in relation with Rome, and this was an advantage to his " Chronography." Divided into five books, and beginning with an apologetic purpose, it develops a scientific aim and shows a good knowledge of earlier pagan and Jewish sources. The whole work was practically incorporated into the chronographies of later writers, especially Eusebius, and deserves to be considered not only as the basis of Christian chronography, but as relatively better executed than the attempts of Julius' successors. Critical study of the Kestoi has made so little progress that it is scarcely worth while to summarize ita conclusions. It appears to have been intended as a sort of encyclopedia of the material sciences with the cognate mathematical and technical branches, but to have contained a large proportion of merely curious, trifling, or miraculous matters, on which account the authorship of Julius has been questioned. Among the parts published are sections on agriculture, liturgiology, tactics, and medicine (including veterinary practise). The two letters, that to Aristides on the genealogies of Christ, of which only fragments are preserved, and that to Origen on the story of Susanna, are admirable bits of critical historical work. (A. Harnack.)
Bibliography: Incomplete collections of the fragments are in A. Gallandi, Bibliotheca veterum patrum, ii. 337-376, 14 vols., Venice, 1765-81, and in M. J. Routh, Reliquiae sacrae, vol. ii., 5 vols., Oxford, 1846-48. The best ed. of the " Chronography " is in Gelzer, see below; for the