RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Jumpers Jurieu
life is by F. W. Cuno, Amsterdam, 1891; others are by J. Reitsma, Groningen, 1864, and A. Davaine, Paris, 1882. Consult also Niceron, Memoires, vol. xvi.; P. Bayle, Dictionary Historical and Critical, iii. 623-628, London, 1736.
JUNKIN, jun'kin, GEORGE: Presbyterian; b. near Carlisle, Pa., Nov. 1, 1790; d. in Philadelphia May 20, 1868. He was graduated at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1813, studied theology under John M. Mason in New York, and in 1819 became pastor of the Associate Reformed Church at Milton, Penn. In 1822 he went over to the Presbyterian Church. He was principal of the Pennsylvania Manual Labor Academy, Germantown, Pa., 1830- 1832, president of Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., 1832-41 and again 1844-48, and president of Miami University, Ohio, 1841-44. In 1848 he became president of Washington College (now Washington and Lee University), Lexington, Va. On the secession of Virginia in 1861, which he had strongly opposed, he removed to Philadelphia. He was one of the leaders of the Old School Presbyterians, and was moderator of the General Assembly in 1844. The more important of his publications are : The Vindication: A Reply to the Defence of Robert Barnes (Philadelphia, 1836) ; A Treatise on Justification (1839); Lectures on the Prophecies (1844); Political Fallacies (New York, 1863); A Treatise on Sanctification (Philadelphia, 1864); The Two Missions, the Apostolical and the Evangelical (1864); The Tabernacle (1865); and A Commentary upon the Epistle to the Hebrews (1873).
Bibliography: His Life was written by his brother, D. X. Junkin, Philadelphia, 1871. Consult: E. H. Gillett, History of the Presbyterian Church, ii. 473-475 et passim, Philadelphia, 1864; R. E. Thompson, American Church History Series, vi. 109-111 et passim, New York, 1895; J. H. Patton, Popular Hist, of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., pp. 402-404, 422, ib. 1900.
JURIEU, zhu"ri-u', PIERRE: With the possible exception of Pierre Bayle (q.v.), the most important theologian and strongest controversialist of the French Calvinists at the close of the seventeenth century; b. at Mer (11 m. n.e. of Blois), where his father was pastor, Dec. 24, 1637; d. at Rotterdam Jan. 11, 1713. He studied philosophy at the Academy of Saumur and divinity at Sedan 1656-58, then traveled through the Netherlands and England. In 1671 he succeeded to his father's curacy at Mer, was ordained, and remained there till 1674, when the Academy of Sedan elected him lecturer in Hebrew and soon after preacher. He filled both offices with such ability that Bayle, who had obtained through him a lectureship in philosophy in 1675, designated him " one of the first men of this century, the first of our communion." During the ten years spent at Sedan, Jurieu zealously defended the Reformation against the attacks of Bossuet and others. In July, 1681, when the Academy of Sedan was dissolved by Louis XIV., as his stay in France had become dangerous, he went to Rotterdam, where, besides a pastorship, he received a lectureship founded specially for him. There he worked hard to promote the cause of the French Reformed Church by his writings, and
caring for the exiled French pastors. Like Comenius and others he had to pass through sad experiences, having become too sanguine of the immediate restoration of the French Church through his interpretation of the prophecies in the Apocalypse, and later on by expecting too much from the fanatical prophets of Dauphin^. Meanwhile advancing age warned him to bring to completion a work on which he had long been busy, his Histoire critique des dogmes et des cultes, published in two parts at Amsterdam, 1704-05 (Eng. transl., 2 vols., London, 1705). Thenceforth ill health kept him from work.
Jurieu, like Calvin, held that the true Church is known by two signs: the preaching of the pure word of God and the right dispensation of the sacraments. It should be governed by the representatives of the Christian congregation, and has the right to exclude all those who do not accept the confession of faith. However, later on, to refute Bossuet and to satisfy new conceptions of his own mind, he came to a broader view of the Church. In his Histoire du calvinisme et du papisme (2 vols., Rotterdam, 1683) he makes a distinction between the temporal and the spiritual power. In the name of the latter, he demands full liberty of conscience. But the church service must be approved by the majority of the nation because the sovereign is only the representative of the nation. When, in 1685, the Edict of Nantes was revoked by Louis XIV., many Protestants besides Jurieu began to doubt the divine right of kings and stood for the rights of the people. As in Bayle's writings many of Voltaire's ideas are to be found, so in Jurieu's works is the germ of Rousseau's Control social.
Since many of the controversial works of the time were published anonymously, it is not always possible to determine their authorship with certainty. The principal works undoubtedly by Jurieu are: on dogma and controversy, against the Roman Catholics, La Politique du clerge de France (Amsterdam, 1680); Reflexions sur la cruelle persecution que souffre I'eglise reformee en France (1685); Prejuges legitimes contre le papisme (1685); Le Vrai Systerne de I'eglise et la veritable analyse de la foi (Dort, 1686); Lettres pastorales addressees aux fideles de France (Rotterdam, 1686; Eng. transl., London, 1689); concerning the Lutherans or the Reformed, Des droits des deux souverains en matiere de religion (1687); Unite de I'eglise et points fondamentaux (1688); on history and politics, Histoire du calvinisme et du papisme unis en parallele (2 vols., 1683); edifying and apocalyptic, L' Accomplissement des propheties ou la delivrance de I'eglise (2 vols., 1686; Eng. transl., London, 1687); Traite de V amour divin (1700). G. Bonet-Matjry.
Bibliography: The biographies by C. van Oordt, Geneva, 1879 (best); and C. E. Megnin, Strasburg, 1854. Consult also: J. C. F. Hoefer, Nouvelle biographie generate, xxvii. 267 sqq., 46 vols., Paris, 1852-66; F. Puaux, Les Precurseurs francais de la tolerance, D61e, 1880; J. B. Kan, in Bulletin de la commission de I'histoire des eglises Wallones, Paris, 1890; H. M. Baird, Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 2 vols., New York, 1895; Lichtenberger, ESR, vi. 551-559.
Jurisdiction, Ecclesiastical