THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
in the same way the chapter was reformed. A few of the nobility opposed the new state of affairs, and remnants of the Reformation were still found at the beginning of the nineteenth century; but on the whole Wiirzburg had become thoroughly Catholic, and the generation following that of Julius was devoted to the church and the Jesuits. See Balthazar of Dehnbach and the Counter-Reformation in- Fulda. (W Goetz.)
Bibliography: J. N. Buchinger, Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, Wiirzburg, 1843; H. L. J. Heppe, Restauration des Katholicismus in . . Wiirzburg, Marburg, 1850; F. X. Wegele, Geschichte der Universitat Wiirzburg, 2 vols., Wiirzburg, 1882; Lossen, in Forschungen der deutschen Geschichte, vol. xxiii. ; M. Ritter, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation, i. 624 sqq., Stuttgart, 1887; J. Janssen, Hist, of the German People, viii. 335, 366, London, 1905; KL, vi. 2009-16.
JUMPERS: A name applied in derision to the Welsh Calvinistic Methodists (see Presbyterians) since they not only expressed their emotion in the outcries frequent in Methodist meetings, but also " leaped and sprang for joy." These ecstatic manifestations first appeared about 1760 in circles of Welsh Methodists, and spread with such contagion that they were for a time regarded as a characteristic of the sect. Justification for the practise was sought from I Sam. vi. 16; Luke vi. 23; and Acts iii. 8. The custom later became obsolete.
(C. ScHOELLf.)
JUNCKER, yunk'er, ALFRED: German Protestant; b. at Ida- und Marienhtitte, Silesia, July 4, 1865. He was educated at the universities of Breslau, Berlin, Leipsic, and Halle from 1884 to 1888 (lie. theol., Halle, 1891). From 1892 to 1895 he was pastor at Bunzlau, after which he was appointed inspector of the Sedlnitzkysches Johanneum, Breslau. In 1896 he became privat-docent at the University of Breslau, where he was appointed to his present position of associate professor of New-Testament exegesis in 1904. He has written Das Ich und die Motivation des Willens im Christentum, ein Beitrag zur Losung des eudamonistischen Problems (Halle, 1891); Die Ethik des Apostels Paulus, vol. i. (Halle, 1904); and Das Gebet hex Paulus (Gross-Lichterfelde, 1905).
JUNILIUS: Ecclesiastical writer; b. in Africa; d. about 550. He was a contemporary of Cassiodorus and lived at Constantinople under Justinian, where he held some high civil office (according to Procopius, Historia arcana, xx., that of Quaestor sacri palatii). According to his own statement, his work entitled: Instituta regularia divince legis, which he dedicated to Bishop Primasius of Hadrumetum at the time of the Three Chapter Controversy (q.v.), is based on the communications of a Persian Paulus. In the form of question and answer, this work, in two books, contains a methodical introduction into the sacred .Scriptures. The first part (book i. 1-10) treats of the various rhetorical styles, of the varied authority and authorship of the Scriptures, distinction between poetry and prose, of the proper sequence between the two Testaments. The books of Chronicles, Job, Ezra with Nehemiah and Esther, and also Canticles, James, II Peter, Jude, II and III
John, and Revelation are not reckoned among the canonical Scriptures. The second part (book i. 11— ii. 27) presents a synopsis of the doctrinal content of Scripture: of God, his being, the persons of the Trinity, God's modes of operation, and his relation to his creatures; of the present world, creation, divine government, nature, free will; and of the world to come, the story of salvation, election and calling; of types and prophecies, and their fulfilment both in time and in eternity. In conclusion, there are some hermeneutical rules (ii. 28), grounds for the credibility of Scripture (ii. 29), and an explanation of the relation between reason and faith.
G. Kruger.
Bibliography: The work of Junilius was edited by J. Gast, Basel, 1545, reproduced Paris, 1644, and reprinted in MPL, Ixviii. 15-42; also by H. Kihn, Freiburg, 1880, and in pp. 465-528 of Kihn's Theodor von Mopsuestia und Junilius Africanus, ib. 1880. Consult: A. Rahlfs, in Nachrichten der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu
Gottingen, 1890, pp. 242-246; DCB, iii. 534-535.
JUNIUS, FRANCISCUS (FRANCOIS DU JON): Reformed theologian; b. at Bourges May 1, 1545; d. at Leyden Oct. 13, 1602. At the age of thirteen he began the study of law, but soon gave it up in order to repair the deficiencies of his earlier education at the school of Lyons, where he succumbed for a time to the temptations of atheism, but soon was converted and then studied theology at Geneva. In 1565 he was called as preacher to the Walloon congregation of Antwerp, whence he had to flee in 1567, owing to intrigues of Roman Catholic and Anabaptist opponents. He accompanied Prince William of Orange on his campaign to Champagne, then he became pastor of the Walloon congregation at Schonau in the Palatinate. In 1573 Elector Frederick III. called him to Heidelberg to assist in a Latin translation of the Old Testament. After the death of the elector, Count Palatine John Casimir called him to the newly established Casimirianum at Neustadt-on-the-Haardt. Soon afterward he became preacher of the Walloon congregation in Otterberg. In 1582 he returned to his professorship at Neustadt and in 1584 removed to the University of Heidelberg. In 1592 he followed a call to Leyden. In his theological convictions he was always a genuine pupil of Calvin. His Ecclesiastici sive de natura et administratione ecclesiae Dei libri tres (Heidelberg, 1581) had great influence upon the development of synods and presbyteries. His Parallela sacra (1588), a treatise on Old-Testament quotations in the New, was epoch-making for Biblical exegesis. In his Animadversiones (1602), against Bellarmine, he defended Protestantism against Romanism, and in Defensio cathohcae doctrinae (1592) he attacked the Antitrinitarians. Le Plaisible Chrestien on de la paix de I'ighse catholique, written a few months before the renunciation of Protestantism by Henry IV., is a defense of an independent Gallico-Catholic Church. He also made several translations, and wrote works of philological and historical interest. His contemporaries esteemed him very highly.
(F. W. CuNOt-) Bibliography: The early Vita by P. Merula appeared Leyden, 1595, and Esslingen, 1769, also reprinted in the Opera of Junius, Geneva, 1607, 1613. The best modern