THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
figures. Relics or even the book of the Gospels were sometimes employed in the practise. At a later period the oscalatorium was withheld from the laity and reserved exclusively for the clergy.
If not quite unrelated, still in only a very general relation to the holy kiss, is the kiss bestowed on neophytes, after the sacrament of baptism; on penitents when reinstated in full communion; on the dead; and on candidates for ordination.
Victor Schultze.
Bibliography: DB, iii. 5-6; EB, iv. 4252-54; Bingham, Origines, II., xi. 10, xix. 17, IV., vi. 15, XII., iv. 5, XV., iii. 3; E. Martene, De antiquis ecclesiae ritibus, I., iii. 4- 5, Antwerp, 1736; A. J. Binterim, Denkwiirdigkeiten, i. 1, pp. 163, 492, iv. 3, p. 485, Mainz, 1825-27; W. Palmer, Antiquities of the English Ritual, vol. ii., London, 1845; DCA, ii. 902-906.
KIST, NICOLAAS CHRISTIAN: Dutch theologian; b. at Bommel (25 m. e. of Dort) Apr. 11, 1793; d. at Leyden Dec. 21, 1859. After completing his theological education at Utrecht, he served for five years as pastor at Zoelen, but in 1823 was appointed professor of historical theology at Leyden, where he spent the remainder of his life. His chief works were De Christelijke Kerk op aarde (Haarlem, 1830); Nederlands bededagen en biddagsbrieven (2 vols., Leyden, 1848-49); and Orationes quae ecclesiae reique Christianae spectant historiam quattuor (1853). He likewise collaborated with H. J. Roijaards in establishing and editing the Archie/ voor kerkelijke geschiedenis and its immediate continuations under similar names (22 vols., Leyden, and Schiedam, 1829-54), and with W. Moll in founding and editing the Kerkhistorisch archie/ (4 vols., Amsterdam, 1855-66). (C. SEPpf.)
KITCHIN, GEORGE WILLIAM: Church of England; b. at Naughton Rectory, Ipswich (23 m. s.e. of Bury St. Edmunds), Suffolk, Dec. 7, 1827. He studied at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A., 1850; M.A., 1852), and was ordered deacon in 1852 and ordained priest in 1859. He was classical tutor of his college, censor and junior proctor, chaplain to the bishop of Chester (1871-72), tutor of the crown prince of Denmark, censor of non-collegiate students in the University of Oxford (1868-83), and lecturer and tutor in history in Christ Church (1870-83). In 1883 he became dean of Winchester, and in 1894 dean of Durham and warden of the University of Durham. He was select preacher at Oxford 1863- 1864, Whitehall preacher 1866-67, commissary to the bishop of Gibraltar 1874-1904, and is an honorary fellow of King's College, London, and an honorary student of Christ Church. In theology he is a moderate liberal. His publications include: Bacon's Novum Organum (2 vols., Oxford, 1855); Bacon's Advancement o/ Learning (London, 1860); Catalogue o/ Manuscripts in the Library of Christ Church, Ox/ord (Oxford, 1867); A History of France (3 vols., 1873-77); Life o/ Pope Pius II. (1881); Winchester Cathedral Records (2 vols., Winchester, 1886) ; Documents Relating to the Foundation o/ the Chapter o/ Winchester, A.D. 1541-1547 (London, 1889); Winchester (1890); Rolls o/ the Obedientaries o/ St. Swithin's Priory, A.D. 1309-1534 (Winchester, 1895); The Manor o/ Marydown, Hampshire (1895); Edward Harold Browne, Bishop
o/ Winchester: A Memoir (London, 1895); and Ruskin in Ox/ord, and other Studies (1904).
KITTEL, RUDOLF: German Protestant; b. at Ehningen (15 m. s.w. of Stuttgart), Wurttemberg Mar. 28, 1853. He studied at Tubingen 1871-76 (Ph.D., 1879), and, after being a pastor 1876-79 was lecturer at Tubingen 1879-81. He was then professor in a gymnasium at Stuttgart until 1888 when he was appointed professor of Old-Testament exegesis at the University of Breslau, where he was rector in 1896-97 Since 1898 he has been professor of the same subject at Leipsic. He has translated Judges and Samuel for E. F. Kautzsch's Heilige Schri/t des Alten Testaments (Freiburg, 1892) • and the Psalms of Solomon for the same scholar's Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments (Tubingen, 1898) ; edited Chronicles for SBOT (New York, 1895); C. F. A. Dillmann's Handbuch der alttestamentlichen Theologie (Leipsic, 1895); the sixth edition of the same scholar's Kommentar zu Jesaja (1898); and Biblia Hebraica (in collaboration with various other scholars; Leipsic, 1905-07). He is likewise the editor of Saat auf Hoffnung, and has written: Sittliche Fragen (Stuttgart, 1883); Geschichte der Hebrder (2 vols., Gotha, 1888-92; Eng. transl. by J. Taylor, H. W. Hogg, and E. B. Spiers, 2 vols., London, 1895); Aus dem Leben des Propheten Jesaia (Gotha, 1894); Die An/dnge der hebraischen Geschichtsschreibung im Alten Testament (Leipsic, 1896); commentaries on Kings and Chronicles (in W Nowack's Handkommentar zum Alten Testament; Gottingen, 1900-02) ; Die orientalischen Ausgrabungen und die altere biblische Geschichte (Leipsic, 1903); Der Babel-Bibelstreit und die Offenbarungs- /rage (Leipsic, 1903); and Studien zur hebrdischen Archaologie und Religionsgeschichte (1908), in Beitrdge zur Wissenscha/t vom Alten Testament, which he edits.
KITTIM. See Table of the Nations.
KITTO, JOHN: English Biblical scholar; b. at Plymouth Dec. 4, 1804; d. at Cannstadt, Germany, Nov. 25, 1854. In his eleventh year he had to leave school to assist his father, a stonemason, and in 1817, while carrying slates up a high ladder, he suffered a fall that rendered him completely deaf for the rest of his life. Cut off from ordinary society by this infirmity he now devoted himself to study and resorted to various expedients for earning pennies to procure books. With the exception of a few months spent as apprentice to an ill-natured Plymouth shoemaker, he was in the workhouse from Nov., 1819, till July, 1823. Friends then provided for his support and secured permission for him to use the public library, and in 1824 A. N. Groves (q.v.), a dentist at Exeter, took him as a pupil. In July, 1825, he entered the Missionary College at Islington to learn printing, and in June, 1827, he went to Malta as a printer in the employ of the Church Missionary Society. In Jan., 1829, he returned to England, and the following June he joined Groves' private mission party as tutor to Groves' children. The party reached Bagdad in December. In 1833 he returned to England, obtained employment with Charles Knight, then editor of the publications of the Society for the