RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Knudtzon Koenig
drew. In the course of the years 1892-94 he retired from his offices on account of infirmity. His sermons form the bulk of his writings. Of these he published numerous collections, including: Der erste Brief Petri (Mainz, 1863); Die Seligpreisungen der Bergpredigt (Berlin, 1869); Das Vaterunser (1873); Aus dem Vorhof ins Heiligthum (2 vols., Bremen, 1875-76); Der Brief Pauli an die Romer (1876); Wach auf, du Stadt Jerusalem (1882); Das Evangelium Johannis (2 parts, 1892-93); and Gelaut und Geleit durchs Kirchenjahr (2 parts, 1895-96). Other works are: Reden und Ansprachen (1887); Ethisches und Aesthetisches. Vortrdge und Betrachtungen (1888); and Gedichte (1891). With W Baur and E. Frommel he edited the year-book Neue Christoterpe (Bremen, 1880 sqq.).
Georg Rietschel.
Bibliography: G. Kogel, Rudolf Kogel, sein Werden und Wirken, 3 vols., Berlin, 1899-1904; Christliche Welt, 1897, pp. 258 aqq. (on Kogel as a poet).
KOEHLER, kuh'ler, (PHILIPP) AUGUST: German Protestant Biblical scholar; b. at Schmalenberg {50 m. s.s.w. of Heidelberg), in the Rhenish Palatinate, Feb. 8, 1835; d. at Erlangen Feb. 17, 1897. He began his education at the gymnasium of Zweibriicken, and then studied theology at Bonn, Erlangen, and Utrecht. In 1857 he established himself as" privat-docent at Erlangen, and in 1862 became professor extraordinary for Old-Testament exegesis. In 1864 he was called as ordinary professor to Jena, in 1866 to Bonn, and in 1868 back to Erlangen as successor of Delitzsch. Here he labored for twenty-nine years, becoming one of the most influential members of the theological faculty. His endowments fitted him for testing the views of others, rather than to enter new paths of investigation. His theological tendency was influenced chiefly by Delitzsch and Hofmann. Like them, he emphasized throughout his life the importance of Old-Testament history as a history of salvation preparatory to Christianity. His first comprehensive work was exegetical, Die nachexilischen Propheten erklart: part i., Die Weissagung Haggais (Erlangen, 1860); part ii., Die Weissagung Sacharjas (1861); part iii., Die Weissagung Sacharjas (1863); part iv., Die Weissagung Maleachis (1865). But the most important work is his Lehrbuch der Biblischen Geschichte Alien Testaments (2 parts, in sections, Erlangen, 1875-85, Leipsic, 1889-93). It was not a history of the people of Israel that he undertook to write, but only an account of what the Old Testament itself tells about the origin and history of its people, with a detailed examination of the Old-Testament sources by the aid of the modern scientific apparatus. He freely admits the existence of different accounts of single events and whole periods of Israelitic history, as, for instance, the Jahvistic and Elohistic sources in the Pentateuch, his aim being to show from the Old Testament what finally developed in the post-exilic time as the common view of the Old-Testament community in regard to its history on the basis of the differing accounts. He made a distinction between the secular and theological content in Biblical history. From the use which Jesus made of the Old Testament he inferred that it was to be considered as
God's instruction to his congregation concerning his former revelations. The books of the Bible, he states, originated in the same way as other books. The historians of the Old Testament never show that in the composition of their works they had not the same freedom or independence of judgment as other historians. But if those books in spite of that fact have been regarded by Jesus and the apostles as the word of God to his congregation, the Christian congregation has a sure test that there is to be found in them the most faithful representation of the deeds and revelations of God. On the other hand, the Old Testament does not pretend to be a God-given document concerning the knowledge of the things of the natural life, as, for instance, of the primitive history of man and the secular history of Israel, but only a God-given document concerning the knowledge of the revelations of God in so far as they reflect themselves in the consciousness of Israel as the congregation of God. Of other works may be mentioned, Die niederlandische reformierte Kirche (Erlangen, 1856); De pronunciations ac vi sacrosancti tetragrammatis niiV (1866); and Ueber Berichtigung der Lutherischen Bibelubersetzung (1886). (Ernst Sellin.)
Bibliography: NKZ, viii (1897), 273-297.
KOEHLER, WALTER ERICH: German Lutheran; b. at Elberfeld (16 m. e.n.e. of Diisseldorf), Dec. 27, 1870. He studied in Halle, Heidelberg (Ph.D., 1895), Strasburg, Bonn, and Tubingen (lie. theol., 1898), and in 1900 became privat-docent for church history at Giessen, associate professor of the same subject in 1904; and professor of church history at Zurich, 1909. In theology he belongs to the critical school. He has written: Die katholischen Kirchen des Morgenlandes (Darmstadt, 1896); Luther und die Kirchengeschichte, i. (Erlangen, 1900); Reformation und Ketzerprozess (Tubingen, 1901); Dokumente zum Ablassstreit von 1517 (1902); Die Entstehung des Problems Staat und Kirche (1903); Ein Wort zu Denifles Luther (1904), Die Anfange des Pictismus in Giessen 1689-1695 (Giessen, 1907) ; besides preparing a Kritische Ausgabe von Luthers fiinfundneunzig Thesen mit Gegenschriften (Leipsic, 1903).
KOENIG, kO'nig, ARTHUR: German Roman Catholic; b. at Neisse (46 m. s.s.e. of Breslau) June 4, 1843. He studied at the University of Breslau 1861-66 and at the theological seminary in the same city 1866-67, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1867. He was instructor in religion at the gymnasium of Gross Glogau 1867-68, going thence in a similar capacity to the Realschule at Neisse. In 1882 he was appointed professor of dogmatic theology at the University of Breslau, exchanging this position in 1898 for the professorship of pastoral theology. He has written: Die Echtheit der Apostelgeschichte (Breslau, 1867); Das Zeugnis der Natur fur Gottes Dasein (Freiburg, 1870); Lehrbuch fur den katholischen Religionsunterricht in den oberen Klassen der Gymnasien und Realschulen (1879); Handbuch fur den katholischen Religionsunterricht in den mittleren Klassen der Gymnasien und Realschulen (1880); Schbpfung und Gotteserkenntnis (1885); Der katholische Priester vor
Koenigr Kohlbruegge