RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Koenig- Kohlbruegrge
of the province of Starkenburg. In 1895 he became privy ecclesiastical councilor and was appointed professor of theology in Giessen. He retired from active life in 1901, and resided at Darmstadt (1901- 1904) and Cannstadt (after 1904). In 1883-85 he was a member of the committee for the preparation of a new hymnal for Hesse, and in 1900-04 was engaged in preparing the Hessian Kirchenbuch, the Hessian Gemeindegebetbuch, and similar works. In theology he held that " the object of all theology is to understand the person and message of Jesus Christ as the Savior of mankind, all creeds being but an approximate expression of the life and salvation in him." Besides editing the Monatsschrift fiir Pastaraltheologie at Berlin since 1904, he wrote Aus ernsten Tagen, Feldpredigten (Stuttgart, 1871); Kandidatenfahrten (Tubingen, 1875); Geschichte der Musik (1875); Friedrich Silcher und Carl Maria von Weber (Stuttgart 1877); Die Tonkunst, Einfilhrung in die Aesthetik der Musik (1878); Die Musik als christliche Volksmacht (1878); Josephine Lang (Leipsic, 1881); Luther als der Vaterdes evangelischen Kirchengesangs (1882); Der Begriff des geistlichen Amis (Ludwigsburg, 1885); Im Felde (Darmstadt, 1886); Geschichte des christlichen Gottesdiensts (Tubingen, 1887) ; Die Lehre von der Seelsorge nach evangelischen Grundsatzen (Berlin, 1895); and Predigten und Reden (Giessen, 1901).
KOESTLIN, JULIUS THEODOR: German Protestant; b. at Stuttgart May 17, 1826; d. at Halle May 12, 1902. He was educated at the universities of Tubingen (1844-48) and Berlin (1849- 1850), and in 1850 became lecturer in the theological seminary at Tubingen. Five years later he was appointed associate professor of theology at Gottingen, whence he was called in 1860 to Breslau as full professor of the same subject. From 1870 until 1896, when he retired from active life, he was professor of New-Testament exegesis at Halle. In 1849 he visited Scotland, where he studied Presbyterianism, later introducing certain Presbyterian features into German consistorial government. Among his numerous writings, special mention may be made of his : Die schottische Kirche, ihr inneres Leben und ihr Verhaltnis zum Staat (Gotha, 1852); Luthers Lehre von der Kirche (Stuttgart, 1853); Der Glaube, sein Wesen, Grund und Gegenstand (Gotha, 1859); Luthers Theologie in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung und ihrem inneren Zusammenhange (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1863; Eng. transl., from the second German edition, Theology of Luther in its Historical Development and Inner Harmony, 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1897); Martin Luther, sein Leben und seine Schriften (2 vols., Elberfeld, 1875) ; Luthers Leben (Leipsic, 1882; Eng. transl., London, 1883); Martin Luther der Reformator, Festschrift (Halle, 1883; Eng. transl., London, 1883); Autobiographic (Danzig, 1891); Die Begriindung unserer sittlich-religiosen Ueberzeugungen (Berlin, 1893); Religion und Reich Gottes, Abhandlungen zur Dogmatik und Ethik (Gotha, 1894); Der Glaube und seine Bedeutung fiir Erkenntnis, Leben und Kirche (Berlin, 1895); and Christliche Ethik (1899).
KOHLBRUEGGE, kol'brug-ge, HERMANN FRIEDRICH: Founder of the Dutch-Reformed VI.— 24
congregation at Elberfeld; b. at Amsterdam Aug. 15, 1803; d. at Elberfeld (16 m. e. of Dusseldorf), Rhenish Prussia, Mar. 5, 1875. He was brought up as a Lutheran, and after attending the Latin school and the Athenaeum became assistant preacher to the Lutheran congregation at Amsterdam. He soon perceived that there was little left of Luther's spirit in the Lutheran Church of Holland, and his sermons on the radical corruption of human nature aroused the opposition of his rationalistic colleagues and resulted in his being deposed. After living in retirement for several years he became a convert to the Reformed faith; but the Reformed Church, fearing the disturbance of its peace, refused him admission. In 1833, while traveling for his health through the Rhine region, he accepted a call to Elberfeld, where his energetic personality, the peculiarity of his doctrinal system and the profound earnestness of his sermons made a deep impression. Already Gottfried Daniel Krummacher (q.v.) had aroused many earnest believers, and Kohlbrilgge was eagerly demanded to continue his work; but the Prussian government, considering him a dangerous enemy of the plan of uniting the Lutheran and Reformed churches, forbade him the pulpit. For a number of years Kohlbrilgge lived in retirement at Utrecht, interpreting the Scriptures every Sunday to some friends. Meanwhile the act of union had produced a great fermentation in the Rhine region, especially among the Reformed congregations. In Elberfeld a rupture occurred in the Reformed church, and in 1847 the dissenters elected Kohlbriigge as their pastor, and constituted themselves as the " Dutch Reformed " congregation. This body, which was recognized by royal patent of 1847, considered itself a member of the Dutch State Church and adopted the Confessio Belgica and the Heidelberg catechism. It still exists secluded from all outside movements of Christianity with a strict church order, legal church discipline, and wellorganized charities.
The peculiarity of Kohlbrilgge consists less in an actual deviation from the doctrine and confessions of the Reformed Church than in a one-sided conception of certain doctrinal points. In his effort to oppose to Pietism the objectivity and self-glory of grace, he did not emphasize strongly enough sanctification and renovation of the heart. His sermons, which constitute the bulk of his works, spread far beyond the borders of his congregation. Of his writings may be mentioned : Das siebente Kapitel des Brief es Pauli an die Romer (Elberfeld, 1839; Eng. transl., London, 1854); Betrachtung uber das erste Kapitel des Evangeliums nach Matthdus (1844); Das alte Testament nach seinem wahren Sinne gewiirdigt aus den Schriften der Evangelisten und Apostel (1846); Schriftmdssige Erlauterung des christlichen Bekenntnisses : " Ich glaube an den heiligen Geist " (1855; Eng. transl., Scriptural Elucidation of the Article on the Christian Faith: I Believe in the Holy Ghost, 1856); Das Ami der Presbyter (1856); and Blicke in das erste Kapitel des ersten Buches Samuelis (1868). His numerous collections of hL; sermons include: Sieben Predigten uber Sacharja Hi. (Elberfeld, 1848); Sieben Predigten uber den Propheten Jona (1849); Acht Predigten uber Evangelium
Kohler Kol Nidre