THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1500 Jahren (Breslau, 1890) ; Officium des heiligen Rosenkranzes (1891); Lebensbilder und Charakterzilge aus der Kirchengeschichte (Glatz, 1890); Ein Blatt aus der Geschichte des schlesischen Schulwesens (Breslau, 1903); and Aus dem Kampfe um den Gottesglauben (1904).
KOENIG, FRIEDRICH EDUARD: German Protestant; b. at Reichenbach (56 m. s. of Leipsic), Saxony, Xov. 15, 1846. He studied in Leipsic (Ph.D., 1874), where he became privat-docent in 1879 and associate professor of Old-Testament exegesis in 1885. In 1888 he went to Rostock as full professor of the same subject, and since 1900 has occupied a similar position at the University of Bonn. In theology he is one of the leading adherents of the conservative school. His writings include : Gedanke, Laut und Akzent als die drei Faktoren der Sprachbildung (Weimar, 1874); Neue Studien uber Schrift, Aussprache und generelle Formenlehre des Aeihiopischen (Leipsic, 1877); De criticae sacrae argumento e linguae legibus repetito (1879); Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebaude der hebrdischen Sprache (3 vols., 1881-97); Der Offenbarungsbegriff des Alien Testaments (2 vols., 1882); Die Hauptprobleme der altisraelitischen Religionsgeschichte (1884; Eng. transl. by A. J. Campbell, The Religious History of Israel, Edinburgh, 1885); Falsche Extreme in der neuren Kritik des Alten Testaments (Leipsic, 1895); Der Glaubensact der Christen nach Begriff und Fundament untersucht (Erlangen, 1891); The Exiles'' Book of Consolation contained in Isaiah xl.-lxvi. (Edinburgh, 1899) ; Die Originalitdt des neulich entdeckten hebrdischen Sirachtextes (Freiburg, 1899); Stilistik, Rhetorik, Poetik in Bezug auf die biblische Literatur (Leipsic, 1900); Neueste Prinzipien der alttestamentlichen Kritik (Berlin, 1902); Bibel und Babel (1902; Eng. transl. by K. T. Pilter, Bible and Babylon, London, 1905) ; Die Bibel- Babel- Frage und die wissenschaftliche Methode (1904); and Prophetenideal, Judentum und Christentum (1906); Hebrdische Grammatik (Leipsic, 1908); Talmud und Neues Testament (Gross-Lichterfelde, 1908) ; and Geschichte des Reiches Gottes bis auf Jesus Christus (Brunswick, 1908).
KOENIG, krj'nig, SAMUEL: Swiss Pietist; b. at Gerzensee (9 m. s.s.e. of Bern), 1670; d. at Bern May 31, 1750. He studied theology at Bern and Zurich, and after passing the examination for entrance into the Bernese ministry set out on a tour of Holland, England, and Germany. In England the mystical writings of Jane Lead (q.v.) exercised an extraordinary influence over him. Returning to Bern in 1693, he became preacher at the Church of the Holy Ghost and gained approval by his sermons, in which, from a desire of popularity, he espoused the cause of orthodoxy against the younger school of Pietists, including Guldin, Christian Lutz, and others. Personal association with the leaders of Pietism, however, won him over to their side, and with the same vehemence with which he had assailed them he now turned against the orthodox cause, thus arousing tremendous excitement in the religious world of Bern. Konig speedily ingrafted in the Pietistic teachings chiliastic and separatist tendencies which enabled the clergy to bring the
Pietist leaders before the courts on the charge of heresy. The trial began in 1698 and continued till the spring of the following year, the Pietists being accused of disseminating heretical teachings, violating the ordinances and discipline of the Church and disturbing the public peace. They defended themselves with great skill, and their arraignment of the orthodox system might have influenced any but the most stubborn of opponents. The verdict however, had been determined beforehand, and Konig, as the most obnoxious critic of the existing system, was degraded from his clerical office and banished. Though the outcome of the trial was a severe blow to the Pietists, it wrought harm to the Church, since the severity of the sentence intensified the separatist tendency among the members of the sect, and it was only the labors of the younger Lutz that prevented a complete rupture with the Church. Konig wandered through Germany for many years, until in 1711 he was appointed French preacher to the count of Isenburg at Budingen. Unceasing yearning for home and the conviction that he had been unjustly treated made his long exile an unhappy one, and his antiorthodox writings increased in acerbity. Gradually, however, he withdrew from the field of theology, and successfully devoted himself to studies in Oriental languages and mathematics. In 1730 he was permitted to return to Bern, and the government created for him an associate professorship in languages and mathematics at the University, where his inability to maintain discipline still further embittered him. His renewed activity in Pietist propaganda exposed him to censure, but he escaped punishment in view of his age. The last years of his life were darkened by the banishment of his two sons, who were found guilty of taking part in the conspiracy of Hentzi against the aristocratic city government. Of Konig's works the most noteworthy is his Etymologicon helleno-hebraicum (Frankfort, 1722), in which he sought to derive the Greek language from Semitic sources, while his Theologisches Prognostikon vom Untergang des tiirkischen Reichs (Budingen, 1717) is characteristic of his doctrinal bias. (W. Hadorn.)
Bibliography: F. Trechsel, Samuel Konig und der Pietismus in Bern, Bern, 1852; A. Ritschl, Geschichte des Pietismus, pp. 406 sqq., Bonn, 1886; Hadorn, in Kirchenfreund, 1898, and 1899, pp. 194 sqq.
KOESTLIN, kfjst'lin, HEINRICH ADOLF : German Lutheran; b. at Tubingen Sept. 4, 1846; d. in Cannstadt (4 m. n.e. of Stuttgart) June 5, 1907. He studied at the seminary of Schonthal (1860-64) and the University of Tubingen (1864-68), after which he was vicar in Weilheim, near Tubingen (1868- 1869), private tutor to the family of Baron von Wachter, ambassador of Wurttemberg, at Paris (1869-70), chaplain of the Second Wurttemberg Field-Brigade in the Franco-Prussian war (1870- 1871), tutor at the theological seminary at Tubingen (1871-73), and deacon at Sulz-on-the-Neckar (1873-74). He then held pastorates at Maulbronn (1875-78), Friedrichshafen (1878-81), and Stuttgart (1881-83). From 1883 to 1891 he was professor of theology at the seminary for preachers at Friedberg, Hesse, and from 1891 to 1895 was supreme consistorial councilor and superintendent