RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Krafft Krauth
icce gentis vetusta origine, longinquis expeditionibus et bellis (1520); Hystoria von den alten Hussen zu Behemen in Kaiser Sigmunds Zeiten (n. p., 1523); Chronica regnorum aquilonarum Danioe, Suecice et Norvagice (Strasburg, Germ., 1545, Lat., 1546) ; Metropolis seu historia de ecclesiis sub Carolo Magno in Saxonia (Basle, 1548). These works still possess value for the church history of north Europe and of northwestern Germany; they were continually reprinted in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, though the Roman Catholic Church put them on the index.
(Carl Bertheau.)
Bibliography: N. Wilkens, Leben des beriihmten Doct. AVberti Crantzii, Hamburg, 1722; Zeitschrift des Vereins filr hamburgische Geschichle, iii (1851), 395-413 (by C. Monekeberg), x (1899), 385-484 (by E. Schafer); O. Krabbe, Die Universitat Rostock, i. 224-236, Rostock, 1854; R. Lange, in Hansische GeschichtsbliiUer, v (1885), 63-100; J. Moller, in Cimbria literata, iii. 378-392; L. Daae, in Historisk Tidskrift, II., iv. 187 sqq., v. 225; ADB, xvii. 43-44.
KRAPF, JOHANN LUDWTG: Pioneer missionary; b. at Derendigen, near Tubingen, Jan. 11, 1810; d. at Kornthal (5 m. n.w. of Stuttgart) Nov. 26, 1881. He studied at the Latin school at Tubingen, at the school of the Basel Mission, and at the University of Tubingen; after a short experience as vicar and teacher, he was sent in 1838 to join the Abyssinian mission of the Church Missionary Society, but the attempt there was rendered abortive through hostile Roman Catholic influence. In 1839 he went to Shoa, south of Abyssinia, and won the confidence and protection of the king of that region, but in 1842 Roman Catholic interference again interrupted his work. In 1844 he established himself in Mohammedan territory at Mombasa (see Africa, II., British East Africa Protectorate), where he occupied himself in missionary labors, in the study of the languages, the compilation of dictionaries, and in the work of Bible translation. In consequence of surveys of the territories carried out in frequent missionary journeys, the mission work in East Africa was systematically planned. In 1855 he returned to Kornthal, where, except for two journeys to Africa on special missions, he carried on his lexicographical work and that of translating the Bible into the languages of Eastern Africa.
Bibliography: Von W. Claus, Johann Ludwig Krapf, Basel, 1882.
KRAUS, FRANZ XAVER: Roman Catholic; b. at Treves Sept. 18, 1840; d. at San Remo (26 m. n.e. of Nice), Italy, Dec. 28, 1890. He studied at Treves, and at the universities of Freiburg and Bonn, and after residing for a time in Paris, was appointed to a benefice at Pfalzel, near Treves, in 1865. In 1872 he was appointed associate professor of the history of art in the University of Strasburg, whence he was called, in 1878, to Freiburg, as professor of church history. In 1904 the Kraus-Gesellschaft was founded in his honor at Munich to promote the deepening of the Christian life and to further harmony between Roman Catholics and Protestants. Among Kraus's numerous publications mention may be made of his Beitrdge zu Trierschen Archdologie und Geschichte (Treves,
1868); Die christliche Kunst in ihren friihesten Anfdngen (Leipsic, 1872); Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte filr Studierende (4 vols., Treves, 1872-76) ; Roma sotteranea; die rbmischen Katakomben (Freiburg, 1873); Kunst und Altertum in Elsass-Lotharingen (4 vols., Strasburg, 1876-92); Charakterbilder aus der christlichen Kirchengeschichte (Treves, 1879); Synchronistische Tabellen zur christlichen Kunstgeschichte (Freiburg, 1880); Realenzyklopddie der christlichen AltertiXmer (2 vols., 1882-86); Die Miniaturen des Codex Egberti in der Stadtbibliothek zu Trier (Freiburg, 1884); Die Wandgemalde der S. Georgskirche zu Oberzell auf der Insel Reichenau (1884); Die Miniaturen der Manesse'schen Liederhandschrift (Strasburg, 1887); Die Kunstdenkmdler des Grossherzogtums Baden (in collaboration with J. Durm and E. Wagner; 6 vols., Freiburg, 1887-1904); Die christlichen Inschriften der Rheinlander (2 vols., 1890-94); Die Wandgemalde von St. Angelo in Formis (Berlin, 1893); Geschichte der christlichen Kunst (2 vols., Freiburg, 1895- 1908); Essays (2 vols., Berlin, 1896-1901); Dante, sein Leben und sein Werk, sein Verhaltnis zur Kunst und zur Politik (1897); Die Wandgemalde der St. Sylvesterkapelle zu Goldbach am Bodensee (Munich, 1902); and Cavour, die Erhebung Italiens im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Mainz, 1902). Bibliography: K. Braig, Zur Erinnerung an Franz Xaver Kraus, Freiburg, 1902 (contains complete list of his writings); E. Hauviller, Franz Xaver Kraus: Lebensbild aus der Zeit des Reformkatholizismus, Colmar, 1904.
KRAUSS, SAMUEL: Hungarian Jewish scholar; b. at Ukk, county of Zala, Feb. 18, 1866. He studied at the rabbinical seminary at Budapest and the university of the same city (1884-89), then in Berlin, taking the degree of Ph.D. at Giessen in 1893 and receiving the rabbinical diploma from the seminary at Budapest in 1894. In 1894 he became professor of Hebrew at the rabbinical seminary at Budapest, and in 1906 professor at the similar institution in Vienna. He was the managing editor of the Hungarian translation of the Bible made by him in collaboration with W. Bacher and J. Banoczi. In theology he is a progressive conservative. Besides a Hungarian translation of the Talmudic tractate Derekh Erez (Budapest, 1895), he has prepared a Hebrew commentary on Isaiah (Zhitomir, 1904) and written Rendszeres Zsido Vallds es Erkolcstan (a manual of systematic instruction in the Jewish religion; Budapest, 1895); Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter im Talmud, Midrasch und Targum (2 vols., Berlin, 1898-99); David Kaufmann, Biographie (1901); Das Leben Jesu nach jiidischen Quellen (1902) ; and Bad und Badewesen im Talmud (Frankfort, 1908).