RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Krauth Kruedener
attributed to Doctor Krell, who had been appointed privy councilor in 1586, and chancellor in 1589. In fact Krell wrote to John Casimir, "I'll get even with the parsons in short order; they must dance as I pipe." Moreover, a new catechism was prepared by the Dresden court preachers Steinbach and Salmuth; by the latter, too, an edition of the Bible was set afoot, with Calvinistic elucidations. A great uprising occurred when the form of exorcism was stricken out of the order of baptism. A butcher in Dresden, cleaver in hand, compelled the baptism of his child in the earlier manner; at Wittenberg the new superintendent's house was stormed and scenes of turbulence ensued on every side. Krell, nevertheless, believed himself sure of complete triumph. The territorial estates, nobles and public officers feared some prejudice to their vested rights. The elector had retrenched the official power of the former court positions and given Chancellor Krell almost unlimited power. Besides, there was dissatisfaction with the foreign policy. Henry of Navarre was supported with troops and funds in violation of a promise given by the elector in 1588; and the discontent was enhanced when the campaign of 1591 totally miscarried. But the sudden death of Christian Oct. 5, 1591, put an end to Krell's activity. Even before the burial of his patron, he was thrown into prison at Konigstein, where he languished for ten years. Under the regency of Frederick William of Saxe- Weimar, a zealous Lutheran, all public officers and clergymen were again pledged to the articles of faith as expressed in the Formula of Concord. Although the estates interceded for Krell in a measure, the judicial suit against him was protracted year after year. There were manifold articles of complaint lodged against him. The Meissen Commissioner's Diet of Feb. 1, 1600, advanced four charges: seduction of the elector to Calvinism, instigation to the French campaign, alienation of the emperor, and civil division. The court of appeal at Prague condemned him to execution by the sword. The sword with which the sentence was executed is still preserved. It bears the inscription Cave, Calviniane.
Georg Mueller.
Bibliogeaphy: An extensive list of literature is given in Hauck-Herzog, RE, xi. 85. Consult: M. Ritter, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation, i. 644-645, ii. 44-61, Stuttgart, 1889-95; idem, in ADB, xvii. 116- 122; A. V Richard, Der kurfiirstliche sachsische Kanzler . . Nicolaus Krell, Dresden, 1859; F. Brandes, Der Kanzler Krell, Leipsic, 1873; F. von Bezold, Briefe des Pfalzgrafen Johann Casimir, ii. 419, Munich, 1884; G. Droysen, Das Zeitalter des dreissigjahrigen Krieges, pp. 364-375, Berlin, 1888; J. Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes, vols, v.-viii. passim, Freiburg, 1893-94, Eng. transl., St. Louis, 1896-1905; G. Kawerau, Reformation und Gegenreformation, pp. 267, 274-276, Berlin, 1899; B. Bohnenstadt, Das Prozessverfahren gegen den kursachsischen Kanzler N. Krell, Halle, 1901; Moeller, Christian Church, iii. 297-298; Cambridge Modem History, iii. 711, 713, New York, 1905.
KRIEG, krig, KORNEL: German Roman Catholic; b. at Weisenbach (20 m. s. of Carlsruhe), Sept. 14, 1839. He studied in Freiburg and Bonn (Ph.D., Heidelberg, 1876; D.D., Freiburg, 1879), and in 1880 became privat-docent in the former institution, where he was promoted to his present position of full professor of Biblical encyclopedia,
pastoral theology, and Biblical introduction in 1883. He has written: Grundriss der romischen Altertumer (Altbreisach, 1872); Monotheismus der Offenbarung und das Heidentum (Mainz, 1880); Die iheologischen Schriften des Boethius (Cologne, 1884); Die liturgischen Bestrebungen im karolingischen Zeitalter (Freiburg, 1889); Lehrbuch der Padagogik (Paderborn, 1893) ; Das Buch von den heiligen vierzehn Nothelfern (Freiburg, 1895); Furstabt Martin Gerbert von Sankt Blasien (1896); F. G. Wanker, ein Theologe der Uebergangszeit (1896); Encyclopadie der iheologischen Wissenschaften (1900); Wissenschaft der Seelenleitung, eine Pastor altheologie, i. (1905); and Wissenschaft des kirchlichen Katechumenates (1907).
KROPATSCHECK, kro-pat'schek, FRIEDRICH: German Protestant; b. at Wismar (18 m. n. of Schwerin), Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Jan. 25, 1875. He studied in Basel, Berlin, and Greifswald (Ph.D., 1898), and from 1899 to 1901 was inspector of the theological Studienhaus at Greifswald. During this period he was privat-docent at the university of the same city, where he became associate professor of systematic theology and New-Testament exegesis in 1902; since 1904 he has held a similar position in Breslau. He has edited the Biblische Zeit- und Streitfragen since 1904, and has written Johannes Dblsch aus Feldkirch (Greifswald, 1898); Occam und Luther (Giitersloh, 1900); and Die Schriftprinzip der lutherischen Kirche, i. (Leipsic, 1904).
KROTEL, kro'tel, GOTTLOB FREDERICK:
Lutheran; b. at Ilsfeld (25 m. e. of Carlsruhe), Germany, Feb. 4, 1826; d. in New York City May 17, 1907 He emigrated to the United States in childhood and was educated at the University of Pennsylvania (B.A., 1846). He then studied theology and was licensed to preach in 1848 by the Evangelical Lutheran ministerium of Pennsylvania, holding pastorates at Passyunk, Philadelphia, Pa. (1848-49), Lebanon, Pa. (1849-53), Lancaster, Pa. (1853-61), Philadelphia (1861-68), Holy Trinity, New York City (1868-95), and the Church of the Advent in the same city (1896-1907). He was also professor in the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, in 1864-68, and president of the General Council, of which he was one of the founders, in 1869-70 and 1888-93. He was editor of Der lutherische Herold from 1872 to 1875 and one of the editors of The Lutheran, the official organ of the General Council, from 1881 to 1883 and editor-in-chief from 1895 till his death. In addition to translating C. F. Ledderhose's Life of Melanchthon (Philadelphia, 1854) and J. G. W Uhlhorn's Luther and the Swiss (1876), he wrote Who are the Blessed? Meditations on the Beatitudes (Philadelphia, 1855) and Explanation of Luther's Small Catechism (1863; in collaboration with W. J. Mann).
Bibliography: In Memoriam Rev. G. F. Krotel, privatelyprinted, New York, 1908.
KRUEDENER, krei'de-ner", BARBARA JU- LIANA VON: Russian mystic; b. at Riga Nov. 11, 1764; d. at Karasubazar (70 m. n.e. of Sebastopol) Dec. 25, 1824. She was the daughter of
Kniedener Krummacher