THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Mountain, Summary of the^ Writings of Lactantius, London, 1839; C. Leuillier, Etudes sur Lactance apologiste, Caen, 1846; C. F. Jacob, Lactance considers comme apologiste, Strasburg, 1848; E. Overlach, Die Theologie des Lactantius, Schwerin, 1858; T. Miilier, Qucestiones LactantiaruB, Gottingen, 1875; M. E. Heinig, Die Ethik des Lactantius, Grimma, 1887; A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, i. 72 sqq., Leipsic, 1889; F. Marbach, Die Psychologie des Lactantius, Halle, 1889; J. Belser, in TQ, lxxiv (1892), 246-293, 439-464; P. G. Frotscher, Der Apologet Lactantius in seinem Verhdltnis zur griechischen Philosophie, Leipsic, 1895; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, ii. 494-521; Schaff, Christian Church, ii. 955-958; Harnack, Dogma, i.—v. passim; DCB, iii. 613-617; and in general, works on the church history of the third and fourth centuries and on the history of doctrine.
LACTICINIA: Literally "milk foods," i.e. articles of food which are the product of an animal, as distinguished from its flesh, such as milk, butter, lard, cheese, and eggs. At an early period it became customary to abstain on fasting-days, especially in Lent, not only from meat, but from other foods. The Synod of Laodicea (between 343 and 381) restricted the food taken during Lent to xerophagy, or bread, herbs, salt, and water, this being confirmed by the Trullan Council of 692, which expressly forbade eggs and cheese, and punished violation by the deposition of priests and the excommunication of laymen. In the Greek Church, especially in the Russian branch, abstinence from the lacticinia begins with the end of " cheeseweek," which extends from Sexagesima to Quinquagesima.
In the West the custom of abstinence from the lacticinia on fasting-days developed at an early date, although the rule was not as rigid as in the East. It was recommended from Rome, however, in the sixth or seventh century, and was confirmed by synods after the ninth century, which subsequently forbade the eating of the lacticinia. Thomas Aquinas states that this abstinence was customary in his time, and it was finally established by Alexander VII. on Mar. 18, 1666. From Lent the prohibition of lacticinia extended to other fastdays, as is shown by papal dispensations for the dioceses of Cologne and Treves (1344), and for the landgravate of Meissen (1485). Dispensations were also granted for the eating of lacticinia in Lent, particularly in the North, and the power of such dispensation is now generally placed in the hands of the bishops at their quinquennial faculties, the exact extent to which lacticinia may be eaten being determined annually by a papal indult.
(P HlNSCHIUSf.)
LACY, JOHN. See French Peophets.
LADD, GEORGE TRUMBULL: Congregationalist; b. at Painesville, O., Jan. 19, 1842. He was graduated at Western Reserve College in 1864 and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1869. After acting as supply at Edinburg, O., 1869-71, he was pastor of Spring Street Congregational Church, Milwaukee, Wis., 1871-79, professor of mental and moral philosophy in Bowdoin College 1879-81, and from 1881 to 1906 held a corresponding chair at Yale. In 1879-81 he lectured on church polity and systematic theology at Andover Theological Seminary, and in 1895-96 had charge of the grad-
uate seminar in ethics at Harvard, where he W lectured repeatedly. He has also lectured in Japan (1892, 1899, 1906), and in India (as Haskell lecturer of the University of Chicago, 1899-1900) He has written: Principles of Church Polity (New- York, 1882); The Doctrine of Sacred Scripture (2 vols., 1884); Elements of Physiological Psycholoqii (1887); What is the Bible? (1888); Introduction to Philosophy (1889); Outlines of Physiological Psychology (1890); Philosophy of Mind (1891); Primer of Psychology (1894); Psychology, Descriptive and Explanatory (1894); Philosophy of Knowledge (1897); Outlines of Descriptive Psychology (1898); Essays on the Higher Education (1899); A Theory of Reality (1899); Philosophy of Conduct (1902); Philosophy of Religion (2 vols., 190.5); and In Korea with Marquis Ito (1908). He has also translated several works of R. H. Lotze, including Outlines of the Philosophy of Religion (Boston, 1885).
LAEMMER, HUGO: German Roman Catholic; b. at Allenstein (65 m. s. of Konigsberg), East Prussia, Jan. 25, 1835. In his early life a Lutheran, he was educated at the universities of Konigsberg, Leipsic (Ph.D., 1854), and Berlin (lie. theol., 1856)! In 1857 he became privat-docent in Berlin and in 1857-58 studied in Italy. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church at Braunsberg in 1858, immediately entered the theological seminary there, and in 1859 was ordained to the priesthood, after which he continued his studies at Rome for two years, being appointed missionarius apostolicus in 1861. Returning to Germany, he was subdirector of the Seminary at Braunsberg for two years, and then consultor to the Congregation of the Propaganda in Rome for a year. In 1864 he was appointed professor of moral theology at Braunsberg, and later in the same year, despite the protests of the Protestant faculty, became professor of dogmatic theology in the Roman Catholic faculty of the University of Breslau. Shortly afterward, he was created consistorial counselor, prosynodal examiner, and episcopal penitentiary. He was made an honorary member of the Doktorencollegium of the theological faculty of the University of Vienna in 1865, and in 1882 was created a prothonotary prelate. He is also a privy counselor and is now professor of church history and canon law in Breslau and a canon of Breslau. In addition to editing Anselm's Cur Deus Homo (Berlin, 1857); the " Ecclesiastical History " of Eusebius (2 vols., Schaff hausen, 1859-62); and Scriptorum Groscia orthodoxce bibliotheca selecta, i. (Freiburg, 1864), he has written: dementis Alexandrini de logo doctnna (Berlin, 1855); Papst Nikolaus der Erste und die byzantinische Staatskirche seiner Zeit (1857); De theologia romano-catholica, quce reformatorum aetate viguit, antetridentina (1857); Die vortridentinischkatholische Theologie des Reformations- Zeitalters aus den Quellen dargestellt (a translation of the preceding work, 1858); Analecta Romana, kirchengeschichtliche Forschungen in romischen Bibliotheken und Archiven (Schaffhausen, 1861); Misericordias Domini (an autobiography, Freiburg, 1861); Mon-^ umenta Vaticana historiam ecclesiasticam sacuh sexti decimi illustrantia (1861); Zur Kirchcnge-