THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
LINDSEY, THEOPHILUS: English Unitarian; b. at Middlewich (21 m. e. of Chester) June 20, 1723; d. in London Nov. 3, 1808. He was educated at Leeds and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he was elected fellow in 1747. He became curate of a chapel in Spital Square, London, and shortly afterward was made chaplain to the duke of Somerset, to whose son, the future second duke of Northumberland, he was tutor from 1750 to 1753. He was then presented to the rectory of Kirkby Wiske, Yorkshire, but resigned three years later to become rector of Piddletown, Dorset. In 1762 he declined the proffered chaplaincy to the duke of Northumberland, and in the following year accepted the rectory of Catterick, Yorkshire. Meanwhile the latitudinarianism which had hitherto characterized him had become Unitarianism, largely through the influence of his wife's stepfather, Archdeacon Francis Blackburne. On Nov. 2S, 1773, he preached his farewell sermon at Catterick and went to London, where he began to preach Unitarianism, a permanent chapel being opened for him in 177S; he remained there until his resignation in 1793. His chief works are: The Book of Common Prayer Reformed (London, 1774) ; Apology on Resigning the Vicarage of Catterick, Yorkshire (1774); A Sequel to the Apology (1776); The Catechist, or an Inquiry into the Doctrine of the Scriptures concerning the Only Trite God (1781); Historical View of the State of the Unitarian Doctrine and Worship (1783); Vindicim Priestleyance (2 parts, 1784-90); Conversations on Christian Idolatry (1792); and Conversations on the Divine Government (1802).
Bibliography: T. Belsham, Memoirs of Revd. T. Lindsey, Centenary Volume, London, 1873; DNB, xxxiii. 317, 318.
LINES, EDWIN STEVENS: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Newark, N. J.; b. at Naugatuck, Conn., Nov. 23, 1845. He was educated at Yale (A.B., 1872) and at Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn., from which he was graduated in 1874. He was ordered deacon and priested in the latter year, and was then rector successively of Christ Church, West Haven, Conn. (1874-79), and of St. Paul's, New Haven, Conn. (1879-1903). In 1903 he was consecrated bishop of Newark.
LINGARD, JOHN: Roman-Catholic historian; b. at Winchester Feb. 5, 1771; d. at Hornby (9 m. e.n.e. of Lancaster), Lancashire, July 13, 1851. He studied at the English College at Douai from 1782 to 1793, but fled from France on account of the Revolution and returned to England as tutor in the family of Lord Stourton. There he remained until, in 1794, he went to Crookhall, near Durham, where some of those driven from Douai had gathered, and completed his theological studies. He was ordained priest in 1795, and, having declined a flattering call to London, taught natural and moral philosophy in Crookhall, where he was also vice-president and prefect of studies. In 1808 the college was removed to Ushaw, Durham, and he accompanied it. In 1810 he was chosen president, but in the following year retired to Hornby, where he spent the remainder of his life, devoting himself to historical studies and declining both the profes-
sorship of Sacred Scripture and Hebrew at the Royal College of St. Patrick at Maynooth and the presidency of the seminary at Old Hall Green. In 1817 and 1825 he visited Rome and was received with great distinction, some believing that his appointment as a cardinal was reserved in petto.
The chief works of Lingard were as follows: Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church (2 vols. Newcastle, 1806; 3d ed., practically a new work, under the title The History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church, 2 vols., London, 1845); Collection of Tracts on several Subjects connected with the Civil and Religious Principles of the Catholics (London, 1813); History of England, from the first Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688 (8 vols., 1819-30; 6th ed., 10 vols., 1854-55); Supplementum ad Breviarium Romanum adjectis officiis Sanctorum Anglia (1823); A new Version of the Four Gospels (1838); and Catechetical Instructions on the Doctrine and Worship of the Catholic Church (1836). His History is characterized by accuracy, care, and impartiality, although he was charged by extreme Protestants with perversion of the truth and by extreme Roman Catholics with undue concessions to the Protestants.
Bibliography: J. Gillow, Bibliographical Dictionary of Eng. Catholics, iv. 254-278, London, n. d.; DNB, xxxiii. 320- 323 (with citation of scattered references).
LINUS: The immediate successor of St. Peter according to all lists of Roman bishops, although the duration of his office is very uncertain. In his church history, Eusebius counts twelve years, but fourteen in his chronicle; the Catalogus Liberianus assigns him twelve years, four months and twelve days, and Jerome eleven years. The date of the beginning of his pontificate is also differently fixed according to the varying calculations of the death of St. Peter. As the Roman Church knew nothing about an episcopal constitution in the beginning of the second century, Linus, if he actually existed, was simply a presbyter of the Church, but when, to combat heresies, a continuous succession of bishops was assumed from the Apostle Peter, he was made a bishop in the later sense, and identified with the Linus of II Tim. iv. 21. His alleged epitaph is generally recognized as possessing no historic value. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: R. A. Lipaius, Die Papstverzeichnisse des Eusebius und der von ihm abhangigen Chronistcn, Kiel, 1869; idem, Chronologie der romischen Bischiife, ib. 1869; J. B. Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers, part I., S. Clement of Rome, i. 201 sqq., London, 1890; Harnack, in Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie, 1892; idem, Litteratur, ii. 1, pp. 70 sqq.; Bower, Popes, i. 4-5; DCB, iii. 726-729.
LINZ, lints, PEACE OF: A treaty concluded Dec. 16, 1645, at Linz (98 m. w. of Vienna) between the Emperor Ferdinand III., as king of Hungary, and George Rakoczy, prince of Transylvania. It is important as forming one of the legal bases of the Evangelical Church in Hungary. The Protestant Rakoczy, who aimed to secure the Hungarian throne, formed an offensive and defensive alliance with Sweden and France in Apr., 1643, against Ferdinand, and was aided by the Sublime Porte, of which he was a vassal. Alleging the grievances of his countrymen and especially the oppression of the