RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Xiig-uori Lilith
was obeyed in the Papal States and Sicily, while most of the Neapolitan members proved recalcitrant. Liguori himself yielded meekly and counseled obedience; but the breach was not healed until an accommodation was reached between Rome and Naples three years after the founder's death. In the autumn of 1790 the Neapolitan government for the first time recognized the bull of Benedict XIV confirming the statutes, and in the next year Pius VI. sanctioned the reunion of the order.
Before Liguori's death, the extension of the congregation beyond the limits of central and southern Italy was planned out, and carried into effect
under the auspices of Clemens Maria
2. Spread Hoffbauer, who is justly considered
in Northern as the second founder of the order.
Europe. He was born at Tasswitz in Moravia
Dec. 26, 1751, and was at first a baker, but got a taste for theology and the beginning of his education at the Premonstratensian house of Bruck where he was employed, and after two years among the hermits of Miihlfrauen and a period of combined work at his trade and study in Vienna went to Rome, where, with two companions, he joined the Redemptorists in 1782. In 1785, having been ordained priest, he was sent to Vienna to found a house there, but on account of the Emperor Joseph's" hostility went to Warsaw, where the congregation soon had two churches and before the end of the century twenty-five members. The work spread, and Hoffbauer was named vicar-general for Germany and Poland in 1792; but the Napoleonic wars destroyed what had been done, and Hoffbauer was obliged to go to Vienna, where at the time of the Congress he was the rallying-point of the reviving Catholicism, and contributed largely to keeping it Roman in opposition to the attempt to found an independent German Church. He died Mar. 15, 1820, and in the same year the order established a college and obtained possession of a church in Vienna under the guidance of Joseph Constantin Passerat, a Frenchman, Hoffbauer's most gifted disciple. The order continued to grow in Austria, and besides numerous houses for men began to establish some for women. The female branch is traced back to the early years of Liguori's ministry at Scala (see above), where the community under his guidance obtained papal confirmation in 1750; and he had founded a second house in 1766 in his see city of Sant' Agata. The Redemptorist nuns increased in number under Passerat's care and spread to Belgium, Holland, and France. The male order gained a rapid extension in the German states, especially in Bavaria, where it took the place of the Jesuits who had been expelled. It spread also to Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, France, England, and the United States. Their resemblance to the Jesuits, which in spite of some fundamental distinctions is an obvious one as to purpose and methods, brought about the exclusion of the Redemptorists from Germany during the Culturkampf from 1873 to 1894, when, on the motion of the Bavarian government, made after consulting the aged Bollinger, who declared that there was no essential connection between the two, and that the reasons which made the
Jesuits dangerous to the State did not exist in the case of the younger order, the prohibition was removed. No other important obstacle to their growth came up in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
The congregation now numbers about 150 houses, divided into twelve provinces — three in Italy (Roman, Neapolitan, Sicilian); two Ger-
3. Present man (northern or Rhenish- Westphalian Status. and southern or Bavarian, the former
with colonies in South America); one Austrian; one Belgian (with colonies in Canada and the West Indies); one Dutch (with a colony in Surinam); one French, including Spain and the western states of South America; one English, including Scotland, Ireland, and Australia; and two North American (Baltimore and St. Louis). The Paulist Fathers (see Paul the Apostle, Congregation of) may be considered an offshoot of the Redemptorists, the separate organization (established in 1858) having been intended to meet more closely special American conditions.
(O. ZoCKLERf.)
The first Redemptorist convent in the United States was established in Detroit in 1832, and such has been the development of the order that at present (1909) it comprises two independent provinces, viz., that of Baltimore and that of St. Louis. There are 38 convents and 2 colleges besides 2 novitiates and 2 houses of study. The
4. Redemp- total number of the fathers is 338, of torists in the professed students and novices 111, America, lay brothers 124, lay novices and postulants 51. The Redemptorists have
convents in most of the large cities, and, although parishes are generally conducted in connection with these houses, the fathers make a specialty of preaching-missions or retreats in parishes throughout the country. There are two vice-provinces of the order in the Dominion of Canada, viz., one attached to the Belgian province, the other to that of Baltimore; convents 9, fathers 68, novices 21, lay brothers 52.
Bibliography: Collections of the Works in Italian have been published: Monza, 1819; Venice, 1830; Naples, 1840; and 3 vols, at Turin, 1887 sqq.; in French at Tournai, 1895 sqq.; in German in 42 vols., Regensburg, 1842- 1847; and in English in 22 vols., at New York, 1887-95 (vols, xxiii.-xxiv. contain the Life). A very complete collection of the " Letters " was made at Rome, 1887 sqq. On the life of Liguori consult the works by K. Dilgstrom, 2 vols., Regensburg, 1887 (the best); A. M. Tannoja, 3 vols., Naples, 1798-1802 (by a scholar of Liguori); Villecourt, 4 vols., Tournai, 1813; P. V. A. Gratini, Rome, 1815; Jeancard, Louvain, 1829; Rispoli, Naples, 1839; M. A. Hugues, Miinster, 1857; Saintrain, Tournai, 1879; O. Gisler, Einsiedeln, 1887; G. Schepers, Mainz, 1887; A. Capecelatro, 2 vols., Rome, 1893; A. de Meffert, Mainz, 1901; A. des Retours, Paris, 1903; A. C. Berthe, St. Louis, 1906; KL, vii. 2023-52; and Encyclopaedia Britannica, xiv. 634—639.
On the order consult: K. Mader, Die Kongregation des heiligsten Erlosers in Oesterreich, Vienna, 1887; F. Ratte, Der heilige Alphonsus und der Redemptoristen-Orden, Luxemburg, 1887; A. Zapf, Die Redemptoristen, Erlangen, 1894; F. Dumortier, Les Premieres Redemptoristines, Lille, 1884; M. A. Hugues, Die Klosterfrauen Maria Victoria und Marianna, Freiburg, 1883; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, ii. 313 sqq., 331 sqq., 498; Currier, Religious Orders, pp. 466 sqq., 673 sqq.
LILITH. See Demon, I., §§ 3-4.
Lillie Lindsay