RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Lucidus Luckock
und das Schisma der Luciferianer, Leipsic, 1886; W. von Hartel, in Archiv fur lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik, iii (1886), 1-58; L. Saltet, in Bulletin de litterature ecclisiastique, 1906, pp. 300—326 (claims for the Luciferians a great literary activity); and P. Lejay, L' Heritage de Gregoire d'Elvire, in Revue Benedictine, xxv (1908), 435-457. Consult further: DCB, iii. 749-751; Ceillier, A uteurs sacres, iv. 239-271; Harnack, Dogma, vols, iv.-v. passim; Neander, Christian Church, ii. 256-257, 441-442, 456-458, 559.
LUCIUS, lu'shius: The name of three popes. Lucius I. : Pope 253-254. He was the successor of Cornelius, elected probably June 25, 253, and died Mar. 5 following. His election took place during the persecution which caused the banishment of Cornelius, and he also was banished soon after his consecration, but succeeded in gaining permission to return. From a letter of Cyprian's (lxviii. 5) it is evident that he took the same position as Cornelius in regard to the restoration of the lapsed after due penance. His tombstone is still extant in the cemetery of St. Calixtus. (N. Bonwetsch.) Bibliography: Liber pontificalia, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom. i (1898), 32; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 19-20; R. A. Lipsius, Chronologie der romischen Bischbfe, pp. 123 aqq., 207 sqq., Kiel, 1869; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 50-52, London, n. d.; Bower, Popes, i. 29.
Lucius II.: Pope 1144-1145. As Gerard, cardinal-priest of Santa Croce, he was active in the German controversies under Honorius II. and Innocent II. He became pope Mar. 12, 1144, and at first had a certain measure of success in suppressing the recalcitrant senate. But in the autumn his friendly relations with Roger of Sicily were disturbed; the Romans restored the senate, under the leadership of Giordano Pierleoni, who took the title of patricius and claimed all the regalian rights of the Roman Church. Lucius had recourse to arms against the citizens, and died Feb. 15, 1145. (A. Hauck.) Bibliography: Jaffe\ Regesta, ii. 7 sqq.; J. M. Watterich,
Pontificum Romanorum vitce, ii. 278 sqq., Leipsic, 1862;
W. Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, iv.
222 sqq., Brunswick, 1877; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the
City of Rome, iv. 487-491, London, 1896; B. Platina,
Lives of the Popes, ii. 43-44, ib. n.d.; Bower, Popes, ii.
476-477; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 242-243.
Lucius III.: Pope 1181-1185. As Hubald, bishop of Ostia, he was one of the most influential cardinals under Alexander III. He was elected pope Sept. 1, 1181, and consecrated on the following Sunday. His pontificate was an unsuccessful one. He was unable to control the Romans, and his residence in the city was limited to the period from the beginning of Nov., 1181, to the middle of Mar., 1182. The rest of the time he spent in various places, chiefly at Velletri and Anagni. The controversy over the succession to the inheritance of the Countess Matilda had been left unsettled by the peace of 1177, and the Emperor Frederick proposed in 1182 that the Curia should renounce its claim, receiving in exchange two-tenths of the imperial income from Italy, one-tenth for the pope and the other tenth for the cardinals. Lucius consented neither to this proposition nor to another compromise suggested by Frederick the next year; nor did a personal discussion between the two potentates at Verona in Oct., 1184, lead to any definite result. Meantime other causes of disagreement appeared, in the pope's refusal to comply with Frederick's wishes as to the regulation of German
episcopal elections which had taken place during the schism, and especially as to the contested election to the see of Treves in 1183. In pursuance of his anti-imperial policy, he declined finally in 1185 to crown Henry VI. as Frederick's destined successor, and the breach between the empire and the Curia became wider on questions of Italian politics. Lucius died in Verona Oct. 25, 1185, having led up by his negative policy to the new contest between papacy and empire which soon broke out. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Jaffe\ Regesta, ii. 835 sqq.; J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum vitce, ii. 650, Leipsic, 1862; P. Scheffer-Boichorst, Friedrichs I. Utzter Streit mit der Kurie, pp. 20 sqq., Berlin, 1866; W. Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vols, iv.— vi., Brunswick, 1888; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iv. 557 sqq., Bonn, 1893; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 609-612, London, 1896; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, ii. 58-60, ib. n. d.; Bower, Popes, ii. 524-526; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 439-440.
LUCIUS, PAUL ERNST: German Protestant; b. at Ernolsheim (about 12 m. w. of Strasburg) Oct. 16, 1852; d. at Strasburg Nov. 27, 1902. He studied theology at Strasburg, Zurich, Paris, Jena, and Berlin. He was vicar at Sesenheim (1878-79); at Strasburg (1879-80); privat-docent there (1880- 1883); professor extraordinary (1883-89); and professor (1889-1902). He wrote: Die Therapeuten und ihre Stellung in der Geschichte der Askese (Strasburg, 1879); Der Essenismus in seinem Verhaltnis zum Judenthum (1881); Die Krdftigung des Missionssinnes in der Gemeinde (1885); Zur aussern und innern Mission (1903); and Die Anfdnge des Heiligenkults in der christlichen Kirche (1904).
LUCKOCK, HERBERT MORTIMER: Church of England; b. at Great Barr (9 m. s.s.w. of Lichfield), Staffordshire, July 11, 1833; d. at Lichfield Mar. 24, 1909. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A., 1858; M.A., 1862), and was ordered deacon in 1860 and ordained priest in 1862. He was vicar of All Saints', Cambridge, in 1862-63 and 1865-75, rector of Gayhurst and Stoke-Goldington in 1863-65, and canon of Ely (of which he was honorary canon in 1874-75) in 1875-92, besides being principal of Ely Theological College in 1876- 1887. From 1892 he was dean of Lichfield. He was also select preacher at Cambridge in 1865, 1874-75, 1883-84, 1892, and 1901, examining chaplain to the bishop of Ely in 1873-87, and proctor for the dean and chapter of Ely in 1892. Theologically he was an Anglo-Catholic, and wrote: Tables of Stone (sermons; London, 1867); After Death, the State of the Faithful Dead and their Relationship to the Living (1879); Studies in the History of the Prayer Book (1881); An Appeal to the Church not to withdraw her Clergy from the Universities (1882) ; Footprints of the Son of Man as traced by St. Mark (1884); The Bishops in the Tower, a Record of Stirring Events affecting the Church and Nonconformists from the Reformation to the Revolution (1886); The Intermediate State between Death and Judgment (1890); The Divine Liturgy, being The Order for Holy Communion, historically, doctrinally, and devotionally set forth (1889); John Wesley's Churchmanship (1891); Who are Wesley's Heirs? (1892); History of the Church in Scotland (1893); History of Marriage, Jewish and Christian,
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