THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
with especial Reference to its Indissolubility and certain forbidden Degrees (1894); Footprints of the Apostles as traced by St. Luke in the Acts (2 vols., 1897); Four Qualifications for a Good Preacher (1897); The Characteristics of the Four Gospels (1900); Beautiful Life of an Ideal Priest; or, Reminiscences of Thomas Thelluson Carter (1902); Life and Works of Dr. Johnson (1902); Spiritual Difficulties in the Bible and Prayer Book : Helps to their Solution (1905); and Eucharistic Sacrifice and Intercession for the Departed (1907). He also edited Bishop J. R. Woodford's Great Commission: Twelve Addresses on the Ordinal (London, 1886) and Sermons (2 vols., 1887).
LUD, LUDIM. See Table of Nations.
LUDLOW, JAMES MEEKER: Presbyterian; b. at Elizabeth, N. J., Mar. 15, 1841. He was educated at Princeton (B.A., 1861), and Princeton Theological Seminary (1864). He was then pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Albany, N. Y. (1864-68), Collegiate Reformed Dutch Church, New York City (1868-77), Westminster Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1877-85), and of Munn Avenue Presbyterian Church, East Orange, N. J. (1886-1909). He has written: My Saint John (New York, 1883) ; Concentric Chart of History (1885) ; Captain of the Janizaries (1886); A King of Tyre (1891); That Angelic Woman (1893); History of the Crusades (1896); Baritone's Parish (1897); Deborah (1901); Incentives for Life (1903); Sir Raoul (1905) ; Jesse ben David (1907) ; and Judge West's Opinion, Reported by a Neighbor (1908).
LUDOLF, lu'dolf, HIOB: German orientalist, founder of the study of the Ethiopic language and literature in Europe; b. at Erfurt June 15, 1624; d. at Frankfort-on-the-Main Apr. 8, 1704. He studied at Erfurt and Leyden, then traveled extensively. In Rome he learned Ethiopic from the Abyssinian Gregorius. He became tutor to the children of the duke of Saxe-Gotha in 1652, afterward aulic councilor, in 1675 chamberlain in Altenburg, and in 1691 president of the Collegium Imperiale Historicum in Frankfort, where he had settled in 1678. His principal works are : Lexicon Mthiofyico-Latinum (3 parts, London, 1661; 2d ed., Frankfort, 1699); Grammatica lingua JSthiopicce (London, 1661; 2d ed., Frankfort, 1702); Sciagraphia historic Mthiopicce (Jena, 1676); Historia JEthiopica (Frankfort, 1681; Eng. transl., London, 1684; French transl., Paris, 1684), to which he added a Commentarius (1691) and two appendices (1693-94); Grammatica lingua Amharica (1698); and Lexicon Amharico-Latinum (1698). He also published the Ethiopic psalter, with Latin translation (1701).
Bibliography: C. Junker, De vita et scriptis Iobi Ludolphi, Leipsic, 1710; J. Flemming, in BeitriXge zwr Asayriologie, vols, i.-ii., ib. 1890-91.
LUEBECK: One of the three city-states of the German Empire, comprising the inner city, with suburbs, and several enclaves in the surrounding country; area 115 square miles; population (1905) 108,857, of whom 101,724 were Evangelical Lutherans, 760 Reformed, 2,457 Roman Catholics, 638
Jews, and 231 sectarians (Baptists, Irvingites, Adventists, Mormons, etc.). The Reformation was established in Lubeck by Bugenhagen in 1531, and since that time the city has been Lutheran. Rigorous measures were taken against the Roman Catholics, and against adherents of the Reformed faith, though the former continued to hold religious services, and in 1693 the latter received permission to build a church and, under certain restrictions, hold their own service. Admission to the council was denied to all non-Lutherans till the beginning of the nineteenth century. The senate issued regulations for the Reformed parish in 1825, and for the Roman Catholics in 1841; and both denominations received full political and civil rights under the constitution of 1848 (revised 1851 and 1875). At present there are fourteen Lutheran parishes and fifteen churches. The present " Constitution of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the State of Lubeck " went into effect in 1895. It vests the church government in the senate, which either exercises its authority directly through its Lutheran members, or delegates it to the ecclesiastical council, which is composed of two Lutheran senators, of whom one is chairman, the senior (chairman) of the clerical ministerium, and four other members, viz., a clergyman and three laymen, who are elected by the senate for a period of six years, the clergyman on the recommendation of the clerical ministerium, the laymen on the recommendation of the synod. In matters affecting ecclesiastical law, church taxes, the liturgy, and the boundaries of parishes, the acts of the ecclesiastical council have to be sanctioned by the synod and confirmed by the senate. The clerical ministerium includes all the clergy who have charges. This body has a word in all matters affecting the doctrine and formularies of the Church. Since 1902, in accordance with an agreement with the consistory of Schleswick-Holstein, candidates have been examined by the board of examiners in Kiel, those passing becoming eligible for appointment in Lubeck, as well as in Schleswick-Holstein. The synod consists of forty-seven members, of whom three are appointed by the ecclesiasical council, the remainder being members of the local parochial boards. Such a board is composed of the local clergy and a number of laymen, who are elected for six years. Each parish is divided into as many pastoral districts as it has clergy. The finances of the Church are regulated by a law of Jan. 18, 1895. The basis of the general church treasury is a fund of 150,000 marks formed by the surplus of the cloister of St. John, the Hospital of the Holy Ghost, and the Burg Cloister. The interest on this sum is supplemented by a yearly income of 16,000 marks from the cloister of St. John, and by a church tax. Church attendance on the part of adults is not good, and the number of communicants, which seems to be on the decrease, is less than sixteen per cent, of the population. Attendance by children is better. There are now services for children in every Lutheran parish of the city and suburbs. The oldest is that in the Church of St. James, which was established in 1875. The total attendance averages about 2,000. (L. F. Ranke.)
Bibliography: Liib. Verordnungen und Bekanntmachungen, ii. 291, iii. 25, 306; Statist. M ittheilungen aus dem deutschen