THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
hostility toward the movement, and brought legal penalties to bear upon the Pietists. Among the adherents of Pietism Lutz was especially mentioned. He was a close friend of Samuel Konig, who had been banished for his views four years previously, and it was but natural that he should be placed under surveillance and receive his ordination comparatively late. It was not until 1703 that he was appointed to the obscure pastorate of Yverdun, where he labored twenty-three years, winning the affection and esteem of both the French and German inhabitants of the place. His Pietism nullified the official call to Kothen, Pfalz-Zweibrucken, Biidingen, and Zerbst, and he likewise declined a professorship at Lausanne. In 1726, however, he accepted a call to the pastorate of Amsoldingen and twelve years later went in a similar capacity to Diessbach, where he spent the remainder of his life.
Although not altogether free from a certain selfcomplacency, Lutz strove with patience, energy, and skill against the formalism prevailing in theological and religious life. His attitude at Yverdun at first excited considerable opposition in the canton of Vaud, especially on account of his admonitions to repentance and conversion, but the government paid scant attention to the complaints lodged against him and even tacitly ignored his reluctance to take the oath rigidly exacted from other pastors. On the other hand, Lutz himself grew more moderate in course of time, nor was he a reformer of the visible Church, being devoted only to the spiritualities of the kingdom of God. In his desire to proclaim his doctrines as widely as possible, he preached in no less than 108 pulpits both in Switzerland and abroad, until it became necessary to direct him to restrict his activity to his own congregation. He attributed special importance to catechetical instruction, and had a daily hour for prayer in his church. He was likewise closely associated with circles of like sympathies in Zurich, Basel, Schaffhausen, St. Gall, and Grisons, in addition to conducting a correspondence with such men as Zinzendorf, DenhSfen, and Heinrich Ernst of Stollberg-Wernigerode, who brought him into contact with Christian VI.
Lutz also exercised a powerful influence by his writings, which began to appear in quick succession after 1721. Of these thirty-six are enumerated without exhausting the list. The most important were republished in two collections, Wohlriechender Strauss von schbnen und gesunden Himmelsblumen (2 vols., Basel, 1736-37) and Ein neuer Strauss (1756). All his works are ascetic in tendency, partly treatises on the spiritual life, partly detailed considerations of individual truths, and partly sermons of almost interminable length. His basal postulate was that each visible object bears the stamp of a heavenly and spiritual essence, so that all things earthly must be interpreted by the celestial. According to a credible tradition, the Lutheranizing and mildly antinomistic sect of Heimberg Brethren, who are now centered around Saanen and Adelboden, were first inspired by the teachings
0f Llltz- (E. GtJDERf.)
Bibliography: K. R. Hagenbach, History of the Church in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Lecture 9, 2 vols., New York,
1869; E. Bloesch, Geschichte der schweizisch-reformierten Kirchen, ii. 47 sqq., Bern, 1899; W. Hadorn, Geschichte des Pietism.ua in den schweizisch-reformierten Kirchen, pp. 262 sqq., Constance, 1901.
LUXEMBURG: A grand duchy of Europe with a capital of the same name, bounded by the Rhine province of Prussia on the northeast and east, Lorraine on the south, France on the southwest, and Belgium on the west; its area is 998 square miles, and its population (1900) 236,543, of whom 29,549 are foreigners. Of the entire population 233,073 are Roman Catholics, 2,269 Protestants, and 1,201 Jews. The country was an apostolic vicariate 1840-70, and in 1870 was raised to a bishopric by Pius IX., though the vicar had been since 1863 bishop in partibus infidelium. In 1873 the episcopal office was duly ratified by legislative act and an episcopal living was established, controlling 13 deaneries, 255 parishes, 83 chaplaincies, and 82 vicarages. In 1845 a seminary for priests was established. The Protestant population of the capital is due chiefly to the fact that Prussian troops were garrisoned there 1815-66, some of whom remained there after the duchy became independent. Not until the former grand duke (d. 1908) came to the throne (1890) did the Protestant Church receive either recognition or support from the state. It was then furnished with a consistory, the control of affairs pertaining to administration and government being vested in six members of consistory, whose head is the pastor. Vacancies are filled by cooptation. W Gotz.
Bibliography: N. von Werveke, Beitrage zur Geschichte des Luxemburger Landes, 3 parts, Luxemburg, 1886-87; F. Bonnardot, Les Archives de Vetat de Luxemburg, ib. 1890; T. H. Passmore, In Further Ardenne, London, 1905.
LUZ: The name of two cities. (1) The early Canaanitic name for Bethel (Gen. xxviii. 19, xxxv. 6; Josh, xviii. 13; but cf. Josh. xvi. 2). (2) A city founded, according to Judges i. 26, in " the land of the Hittites " by the survivors of the ancient city when it was taken by the Hebrews. The location is unknown.
LYCAONIA, lic"a-o'ni-a: A region of Asia Minor mentioned in the Bible only in Acts xiv. in connection with the journeys of Paul. Normally bounded north by Galatia, east by Cappadocia, south by Cilicia, and west by Phrygia, its boundaries fluctuated greatly during the Roman period, its territories being in part included within those of the neighboring provinces. See Asia Minor in the Apostolic Time, VII.
Bibliography: W. M. Ramsay, Historical Geography of Asia Minor, passim, London, 1890; idem, The Church in the Roman Empire, pp. 48 sqq. et passim, New Yort, 1893; idem, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, pp. 110-111, ib. 1896.
LYCIA. See Asia Minor, VIII.
LYDDA, LOD: A city of Ephraim, situated in the plain of Sharon, 10 m. s.e. of Joppa on the road to Jerusalem, identified with the Arab village of Ludd. It is mentioned in the Old Testament as Lod in I Chron. viii. 12; Ezra ii. 33; Neh. vii. 37, xi. 35, and as Lydda in I Mace. xi. 34. In the New Testament it appears only Acts ix, 32-38 as