THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
LYNCH, THOMAS TOKE : English Independent ; b. at Dunmow (32 m. n.e. of London), Essex, July 5, 1818; d. in London May 9, 1871. He was educated at Islington, London, and attended Highbury College for a short time. He was pastor of the Independent Church at Highgate (1847-49); of a church in Mortimer Street, which afterward moved to Grafton Street (1849-52); and of one in Gower Street, afterward Mornington Church (1860- 1871). Lynch had little success as a preacher, but as a hymn-writer he obtained great celebrity. His hymns, however, have been considered to betray too ardent a love of nature to be entirely suited to use in Christian worship. The best-known is " Gracious Spirit, dwell with me." He first came into prominence through the publication of The Rivulet: a Contribution to Sacred Song (London, 1855), which gave rise at the time to a fierce controversy because of the charge that it was pantheistic in tone. His chief opponents were James Grant and Dr. John Campbell; his chief supporters, Newman Hall and Thomas Binney. Lynch was his own best defender, writing under the nam de ■plume of "Silent Long." Among his other writings are Memorials oj Theophilus Trinal (largely autobiographical, 1850); Essays on some oj the Forms oj Literature (1853); Lectures in Aid oj Self-Improvement (1854); The Mornington Lecture (1870); and Sermons jor my Curates (1871).
Bibliography: His Memoirs, ed. W. White, appeared London, 1874, and a small Critical and Descriptive Notice of T. T. Lynch was published London, 1874. Consult: S. W. Duffield, English Hymns, p. 191, New York, 1886; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 705-706; DNB, xxxiv. 338-339.
LYRE, JOSEPH LEYCESTER (called Father Ignatius): Anglican monk: b. in London Nov. 23, 1837; d. at Camberley (31 m. s.w. of London) Oct. 16, 1908. He was educated at Trinity College, Glenalmond, and was ordered deacon in 1860. He was then curate of St. Peter's, Plymouth, in 1860-62, and in 1862-63 was St. George's missioner under Father Lowder. In 1863 he entered upon the monastic life, and resided successively in the monasteries at Claydon (Suffolk), Norwich, and Laleham (Chertsey), for seven years. In 1870 he purchased an estate near Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, where he established Llanthony Abbey, of which he was chosen superior. In this abbey he introduced the Benedictine rule and the Sarum Missal. Refusing to leave off the monastic habit even while being ordained to the priesthood, he remained a deacon until 1898, when he accepted advancement from the schismatic Bishop Villatte. Later recognizing the error of his action, which was commonly considered a desertion of Anglican orders, he did not attempt to exercise the priestly office, but remained in simple lay communion with the Church of England. He was particularly successful as a missioner, and in 1890-91 visited the United States and Canada in this capacity. In later years, however, he declined to preach in churches on account of his firm opposition to rationalism and higher criticism, he himself being a vigorous champion of orthodoxy. In addition to many sermons and pamphlets in defense of his position, in which he was frequently assailed, he wrote All jor Jesus (London, 1867);
The Holy Isle: a Legend oj Bardsey Abbey (1870);
Leonard Morris, or, The Benedictine Novice (1870);
Brother Placidus, and why he became a Monk: A
Tale jor the young Men oj the Times (Brighton,
1870); Our Glorious Rejormation (London, 1884);
and Mission Sermons and Orations (1887).
Bibliography: Father Michael, O. S. B., Father Ignatius in America, London, 1893; Baroness de Bertouch, Life of Father Ignatius, O. S. B„ Monk of Llanthony, ib. 1904.
LYON, DAVID GORDON: Baptist; b. at Benton, Ala., May 24, 1852. He was educated at Howard College, Marion, Ala. (A.B., 1875), Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Ky. (1876-79), and the University of Leipsic (Ph.D., 1882). Since 1882 he has been Hollis professor of divinity in Harvard University, and has also been curator of the Harvard Semitic Museum since its foundation in 1890. In 1906-07 he was director of the American School for Oriental Study and Research in Palestine. In theology he is a progressive conservative. Besides a number of briefer contributions, he has written Die Keilschrijttexte Sargon's, Konigs von Assyrien {722-705 v. Chr.), nach den Originalen neu herausgegeben, iibersetzt und erklart (Leipsic, 1883) and An Assyrian Manual jor the Use oj Beginners in the Study oj the Assyrian Language (Chicago, 1886).
LYON, MARY: American educator; b. at Buckland, Mass., Feb. 28, 1797; d. at South Hadley, Mass., Mar. 5, 1849. She was educated at several academies, notably at Ashfield and Byfield, and later at Amherst College. She taught at the Adams Female Seminary at Londonderry, N. H. (1824-28), and at Miss Grant's school in Ipswich (1828-34). In 1834 she left teaching to raise funds for building a female academy, which was finally opened at South Hadley on Nov. 8, 1837. Of this school, called the Mount Holyoke Seminary (now College), she was principal until her death. Under her care the school was, as it still is, a nursery of missionaries and it still keeps its reputation for piety and efficiency.
Bibliography: E. Hitchcock, Power of Christian Benevolence Illustrated in the Life and Labors of Mary Lyon, Northampton, 1851, new ed., New York, 1858; F. Fiske, Recollections of Mary Lyon, Boston, 1866; Mary Lyon, in Old South Leaflets, no. 145, ib. 1904.
LYONS, ARCHBISHOPRIC OF: An ancient metropolitan see in France. The town, which became a Roman colony in 43 B.C., acquired considerable importance under the Empire; in it Augustus spent three years; here Claudius was born; and when the town was rebuilt after a conflagration, Nero gave it precedence over all the other Roman towns of Gaul. Christianity was probably introduced within the first century. As at Marseilles, the earliest Christians were of Greek origin. The first bishop is supposed to have been Pothinus or Photinus, sent by Polycarp from Smyrna between 140 and 150. With many of his flock, he suffered martyrdom in 177, and was succeeded by Irenaeus (q.v.). A long line of devoted bishops followed. Lupus (d. c. 542) is usually reckoned as the first archbishop, with four suffragan sees, Autun, Langres, Macon, and Chalons — to which in the middle