THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
over 1,000 native pastors, 97,800 communicants, 393,099 adherents, and 126,000 pupils in the schools. There were 7 hospitals and 10 dispensaries. The number of Roman Catholic Malagasy was estimated at 60,500. Bitter opposition to the English Protestant missions followed. Church buildings were confiscated, and ruin threatened their schools through the enforced use of the French language. At this crisis, the Evangelical Society of Paris took over some 1,200 schools and 62,000 pupils, and much of the work of the London Missionary Society in the two provinces of Imerina and Betsileo, and finally succeeded in obtaining for the non- French Evangelical societies a reasonable amount of religious liberty. The work of the Friends suffered but little from French control, and that of the Norwegians hardly at all. For several years there was friction through the Jesuits trying to gain possession of the Protestant mission properties, but this was stopped by the government. In 1905 and again in 1907 new laws were enacted aiming at the absolute suppression of mission schools, and ordering that no private school be located in buildings used for religious purposes, thus closing 270 of the 300 educational institutions of the Paris Society, and affecting the other missions in like degree. Later the Y. M. C. A. was closed; family prayers were prohibited if any but members of the immediate family were present; an address could not be made or a prayer offered at a public funeral; Evangelists were forbidden to continue their work; and many of the churches were closed. The Paris Society, representing all the Protestant bodies in Madagascar, entered a formal complaint with the secretary of the French colonies, and the governor-general was called to France to explain his actions, but the situation in 1908 was rapidly becoming worse.
There were, in 1907, 51 Roman Catholic missionaries with 348 stations and outstations, and 79,000 communicants and adherents. Five Protestant societies had 227 missionaries and 5,816 native helpers, 1,852 stations and outstations, 355,717 adherents, 1,951 schools and colleges with 92,126 pupils, 9 hospitals and dispensaries, 7 orphanages and 4 leper settlements. Many schools have been closed since these statistics were obtained. Theodora Crosby Bliss.
Bibliography: W. Ellis, Hist, of Madagascar, . . Progress of the Christian Mission, 2 vols., London, 1838; idem, Three Visits to Madagascar, ib. 1860; idem, Madagascar Revisited, ib. 1867; idem, The Martyr Church, ib. 1870; J. Sibree, Madagascar and its People, ib. 1870; idem. The Great African Island, ib. 1879; idem, Madagascar before the Conquest, ib. 1896; idem, Madagascar Mission, ib., 1907; De la Vaissiere, Hist, de Madagascar, ses habitants et ses missionnaires, Paris, 1884; G. Shaw, Madagascar of To-day, London, 1886; W. E. Cousins, Madagascar of Today, ib. 1895; J. J. K. Fletcher, Sign of the Cross in Madagascar, ib. 1901; C. Keller, Madagascar, Mauritius and Other African Islands, ib. 1901; H. Froideraux, Lea Lazaristes a Madagascar au 17. siecle, Paris, 1902; A. van Gennep, Tabou et Totemisme a Madagascar, Paris, 1904; T. T. Matthews, Thirty Years in Madagascar, London, 1904; H. O. Dwight, Blue Book of Missions for 1907, pp. 23-24, New York, 1907.
MADHAVACHARYA: Hindu Philosopher. See
India, I., 2, § 2.
MADRIGAL. See Music, Sacked, II, 2, § 3.
MADSEN, PEDER: Danish theologian; b. in Vinding parish near Holstebro (160 m. n.w. of Copenhagen), Denmark, Aug. 28, 1843. He studied at Viborg and was graduated from the University of Copenhagen, 1868; taught in private schools, 1868-72; spent two years in travel and study; was called to teach dogmatics and exegesis at the University of Copenhagen, 1874; was appointed professor of theology, 1875; was rector 1889-90 and 1903-04; and became bishop of Zealand 1909. He cooperated in working out a new series of Pericopes (q.v.), 1879-81, and assisted in reconstructing the liturgical parts of the church hymnal; represented the theological faculty on the church council, 1884- 1886 ; is on the committee directing Danish missions in America, assists in directing home missions, and is active in Sunday-school work. He has also been for many years president of the Bethesda conventions which are doing for Denmark what the Eisenach Conference (q.v.) does for Germany. He is a member of the body which is considering new lines of polity for the Church in Denmark. Elected bishop of Zealand, 1909.
He gained his doctorate with the thesis De kristnes aandelige Prastedomme (1879). Other works are his university programs: Det kirkelige Embede (1890); Embedet og Menighedens Samvirken i det kirkelige Arbejde (1894) ; and Ordinationens Betydning indenfor den luth. Kirkeafdeling (1904), supporting the Lutheran traditional view of ministry and congregation. He had defended the same view in Bornholmerne eller den saakaldte luiherske Missionsforening (1886). John O. Evjen.
MAGARITA, MAGARITES: A name given by some writers of the Middle Ages to apostates from the Christian religion, particularly those who went over to Mohammedanism. The derivation of th« term is unknown. Cf. Du Cange, s.v.