RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Magtfster Sacri Palatii Mahaffy, John Pen tland
version of the Magnificat, assigned to the choir, or instead of it, the German version was early used, in accordance with the Evangelical principle of having the congregation take part in divine worship. For instance, the Wittenberg Order of 1533 prescribes that " before a particular feast, and after the (afternoon) sermon, they shall sing the German Magnificat, as usual, with a German versicle, in the midst of the Church, with the people." In short, their first practise was to sing the plain German version, adhering exactly to the Latin melody; afterward, the metrical Magnificat, paraphrased into the form of a German hymn: or both together, sometimes in the guise that each verse of the Latin, or German and Latin, Magnificat would serve as " text," to be followed by a German hymn strophe by way of " elucidation."
As concerning the liturgically musical presentation of the Magnificat, the Roman Catholic custom is to sing it, whatever the psalm tone employed, somewhat higher and slower, in its quality of a New-Testament canticle, with a festival intonation for each verse. The Evangelical Church in Germany adheres to this custom as regards the Latin Magnificat; whereas, for the German version, it is usual to select the ninth psalm tone (tonus ■peregrinus) . The Magnificat was made a favorite theme for artistic elaboration, and masters in every style of church music have applied their skill to it. In the Evangelical Church, also, the Magnificat is an attractive focus for the development and expansion of musical art. Out of the practise of playing organ interludes between the verses, there grew up a special department of organ literature (see Organ). The structure of the text itself becomes an important factor in the development of Evangelical church music, and exhibits all forms and styles of the same, from the closed choral motet (as with Dietrich, Hassler, Vulpius, Frank, Criiger, etc.) ; or, in case of the metrieal Magnificat, from the polyphonic choral hymn, down to the highly elaborate cantata, comprising all modes of church music in one complicated artistic creation, such as Johann Sebastian Bach's quintet Magnificat. See Church Music. (H. A. KostlinI".)
Bibliography: F. Jacobs, in Revue d'histoire et de litterature religieuse, ii (1897), 424-432; A. Durand, in Revue biblique, vii (1898), 74-77; A. Harnack, in SBA, xxvi (1900), 538-556; O. Bardenhewer, Biblische Studien, vi (1901), parta 1-2; H. A. Kostlin, in Zeitschrift fur die N eutestamentliche Wissenschaft, 1902, pp. 139 sqq.; Julian, Hymnology, p. 711. Consult also: B. Thalhofer, Handbuck der katholischen Liturgik, ii. 478, Freiburg, 1883-90; S. Kummerle, Encyklopadie der evangelischen Kirchenmusik, ii. 124-127, 180-186, Gutersloh, 1890; G. Rietschel, Lehrbuch der Liturgik, pp. 345, 443, Berlin, 1899.
MAGNUS: The name applied to a saint remarkable for his early missionary labors among the Swabians. The narrative of his life, however, by a process of incorporation not uncommon in medieval literature of the kind, is made up by the fusion of incidents belonging to two distinct persons, one in the seventh and the other in the eighth century — the former connected with St. Gall, the latter with the monastery of Fussen on the Lech, although he also probably came originally from St. Gall. Maginold and Theodo accompanied the Irish monk VII— 9
to the wilderness on the Steinach in 613; after his death they remained there, and Maginold is said to have lived until about the middle of the seventh century. The Fussen legend speaks of a monk Magnus, from his name presumably of Romaic origin, not Teutonic, like Maginold, as a contemporary of Wichbert, the first demonstrable bishop of Augsburg, toward the middle of the eighth century. Wishing to convert a last pagan corner of his diocese, he sent to St. Gall for monks; and Magnus, with Theodo or Dieto (an analogy with the older legend), went forth to help him, the former working in the valley of the Lech and founding the monastery of Fussen, where he died about the middle of the eighth century. When about 851 Bishop Lanto of Augsburg translated his relics, a life was made up, based on tradition, but tradition a century old, and attributed to the contemporary Dieto, here called Theodore. In the last decade of the ninth century the abbot-bishop Solomon III. erected the church St. Magnus at St. Gall, and obtained relics of the patron from Fussen, together with the life, which then at St. Gall was fused with the story of the local Maginold. (G. Meyer von Knonau.) Bibliography: The literature is indicated in Potthast, Wegweiser, p. 1444. The Vita mentioned in the text is with other material in ASB, Sept., ii. 700-781, cf. ASM, ii., pp. 505-510. Consult: Rettberg, KD, ii. 146-151; Friedrich, KD, ii. 654-656.
MAGOG. See Gog and Magog; and Table op the Nations.
MAGUIRE, JOHN ALOYSIUS: Roman Catholic archbishop of Glasgow; b. at Glasgow Sept. 8, 1851. He was educated at St. Aloysius' College, Glasgow, Stonyhurst College, the University of Glasgow, and the College of the Propaganda, Rome, until 1875, and after being an assistant at the St. Andrew's Cathedral at Glasgow, from 1875 to 1879, was appointed secretary of the diocese, a position which he held four years. He was incumbent of Partick in 1883, but in the following year became canon of the cathedral of Glasgow, vicar-general in 1885, and provost of the chapter in 1893. In 1894 he was consecrated titular bishop of Trocmadse and appointed to assist the archbishop of Glasgow, whom he succeeded in the archiepiscopal office in 1902.
MAHAFFY, JOHN PENTLAND: Church of Ireland; b. near Vevey (11 m. e.s.e. of Lausanne), Switzerland, Feb. 26, 1839. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin (B.A., 1859; M.A., 1863), and was ordered deacon in 1864 and ordained priest two years later. He was elected fellow of his college in 1864, where he has been senior fellow and registrar since 1899, as well as a member of the University Council since 1892. He was also precentor of Trinity College in 1867 and chaplain to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1880. He was assistant regius professor of Greek at Trinity College in 1864-65, 1867-68, 1870-74, 1877, and 1896, assistant in Archbishop King's divinity lectures in 1870-79, junior dean in 1869, junior proctor in 1871, Donellan lecturer in 1876, and examiner repeatedly in various subjects, besides being evening preacher in 1865-67 and university preacher in
Mahan Maimonidea