RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Mains Majal
and the county of Wetzlar, the see being transferred to Regensburg. After the Concordat of 1801 had gone into effect, Napoleon arranged for the elevation of Mainz once more to the position of a bishopric, and the cathedral, which had been almost ruined in the wars, was finally restored. The territory of the ancient see was incorporated in 1814 with the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. The diocese was vacant from 1818 to 1830, when, on the creation of the ecclesiastical province of the Upper Rhine, it was placed under the metropolitan jurisdiction of the archbishop of Freiburg.
Bibliography: J. F. Bohmer, Regesta archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium, ed. C. Will, 2 vols., Innsbruck, 1877-86; G. C. Joannis, Rerum M oguntiacarum libri. 3 vols.. Frankfort, 1722-27; V. F. de Gudenus, Codex diplomatics anecdotorum res Moguntinas illustrantium, 5 vols., Gottingen, 1743-58; S. A. Wiirdtwein, Dioecesis Moguntina in archidiaconatus divisa, 4 vols., Mannheim, 1769; Monumenta Moguntina, ed. P. Jaffe, Berlin, 1866; C. G. Bockenheimer, Die Maimer Bischofe des 19. J ahrhunderts, Mainz, 1886; J. Jaeger, Beitrage zur Geschichte des Erzstifts Mainz, Osnabriick, 1894; J. Schmidt, Die katholische Restauration in den Kurmainzer Herrschaften, Erlangen, 1902; J. Simon, Stand und Herkunft der Bischofe der Maimer Kirchenprovinz im Mittelalter, Weimar, 1908; and literature under Boniface, Saint; Lullos of Mainz; Rabanus Maurus.
MAIR, mar, WILLIAM: Church of Scotland; b. at Savoch, Scotland, Apr. 1, 1830. He was educated at the University of Aberdeen (M.A., 1849), and was minister successively at Lochgelly (1861-64), and Ardoch (1864-69). From 1869 until his retirement from active life in 1903, he was minister of Earlston. Since the latter year he has resided in Edinburgh. He was likewise moderator of the Church of Scotland in 1897, and has written, in addition to numerous briefer contributions, A Digest of Laws and Decisions, Ecclesiastical and Civil, relating to the Constitution, Practice, and Affairs of the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1887); The Truth about the Church of Scotland (1891); Speaking (1900); Churches and the Law (1904); and The Scottish Churches (1907).
MAISTRE, metr, JOSEPH MARIE, COMTE DE:
French Roman Catholic diplomat; b. at Chambery (55 m. e. of Lyons) Apr. 1, 1754; d. at Turin Feb. 26, 1821. He was educated by the Jesuits and afterward studied law in Turin. In 1788 he became a member of the Piedmontese senate, but when the French troops invaded the country in 1792 he took refuge in Lausanne, where he stayed until he was summoned to Turin by Charles Emmanuel II. In 1798, when the French took Turin, he had to retreat to Venice, but in 1799 the king called him to Sardinia as grand chancellor. From 1803 till 1817 he was ambassador of the king of Sardinia at St. Petersburg. He then returned to Turin and became regent of grand chancery and minister of state for Victor Emmanuel I. Maistre was the leader of the Ultramontanists and a steadfast opponent of Gallicanism. In his works, especially in his Du pape, he maintained the doctrines of the infallibility of the pope, and of his supreme temporal power, and that the Reformation was the cause of all the evils that had overtaken France. He was also a vigorous advocate of legitimacy.
Among his numerous works may be named: Considerations sur la France (Paris, 1796); Du pape (2 vols., Lyons, 1819; new ed., Tours, 1891; Eng. transl., The Pope, London, 1850); Les soirees de Saint-Petersbourg, ou entretiens sur le gouvernement temporel de la Providence, suivies d'un traite sur les sacrifices (2 vols., Paris, 1821; new ed., 1888); and Examen de la philosophie de Bacon (2 vols., Paris, 1836). His (Euvres (7 vols., Brussels, 1838) have appeared in a new edition, including posthumous works and inedited correspondence, with a biographical preface by R. de Maistre (14 vols., Lyons, 1884-87).
Bibliography: Accounts of the life have been written by: R. de Chantelauze, Paris, 1859; J. C. Glaser, Berlin, 1865; L. I. Moreau, Paris, 1879; A. de Margerie, ib. 1882; F. Descostes, ib. 1893; and G. Cogordan, ib. 1894. Consult further: Mme. C. T. Woillez, Le Genie de De Maistre, Paris, 1861; R. de Sezeval, Joseph de Maistre, ses detracteurs, ib. 1865; M. F. A. de Lescure, Le Comte Joseph de Maistre et *o famille, ib. 1892; F. Paulhan, Joseph de Maistre et sa philosophie, ib. 1893; and works on the history of modern philosophy.
MAITLAND, SAMUEL ROFFEY: Church of England; b. in London Jan. 7, 1792; d. at Gloucester Jan. 19, 1866. He studied at St. John's and Trinity colleges, Cambridge, and was called to the bar in 1816, but was ordained deacon in 1821 and appointed curate of St. Edmund, Norwich. In May, 1823, he became perpetual curate of Christ Church, Gloucester, but resigned in 1827. In 1838 he was appointed librarian and keeper of the manuscripts at Lambeth Palace, which position he retained until 1848, when he retired to Gloucester. Among other works he wrote: An Enquiry into the Grounds on which the Prophetic Period of Daniel and St. John has been Supposed to Consist of 1260 Years (London, 1828); Eruvin, or Miscellaneous Essays on Subjects Connected with the Nature, History, and Destiny of Man (1831); Facts and Documents Illustrative of the History, Doctrines, and Rites of the Ancient Albigenses and Waldenses (1832); The Dark Ages (1844); An Index of such English Books, Printed before the Year MDC, as are now in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth (1845); Essays on Subjects Connected with the Reformation in England (1849); and Illustrations and Enquiries Relating to Mesmerism (1849); and translated The Holy War of St. Bernard (Gloucester, 1827). Bibliography: An appreciative Memoir is in DNB, xxxv.
371-373, where references to other literature is given.
MAJAL, MATHIEU: French pastor of "the Desert," known as Desubas from his birthplace, D6subas, near Vernoux (50 m. s. of Lyons), Department of Ardeche; b. 1720; executed at Montpellier Feb. 2, 1746. As pastor of Vivarais he sat in the " national synod " of French Protestants which met in Bas Languedoc Aug. 18, 1744, and which gave offense to the court at Versailles and led to rigorous measures. Majal was arrested Dec. 12, 1745, and taken to Vernoux, where his arrival occasioned a riot and several persons were killed (the " massacre of Vernoux "). On his trial at Montpellier he strenuously denied all treasonable acts or designs and convinced the court of his innocence, but was condemned by order of the king and shot. A ballad of the peasants
Major
Makemie