THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
in Arabic and French, 3 vols., Paris, 1856-66; in German, Krotoschin, 1839; Italian, Livorno, 1879-81; English, 3 vols London, 1885 and 1904. The Commentary on the Mishna was first published Naples, 1492, and is accessible in the Latin transl. of Surenhusius, in his Mishna, Amsterdam, 1698-1703. Great activity has been manifested in recent years in publishing the works of Maimonides. This activity can be traced and the places and dates of publication learned by combining Hauck-Herzog, RE, xii. 80, with the Schlagwort-Katalog (described in this work, vol. i., p. xiii.; the Schlagwort-Katalog was brought down to 1907 in 1909) under " Maimonides "; cf. also Baldwin, Dictionary, vol. iii., part i., p. 358. For the life and work of Maimonides consult: I. Grossman, Maimonides, Vienna, 1892; Maimonides, in Jewish Worthies Series, London, 1903; P. Beer, Leben und Wirkendes Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, Prague, 1834; S. B. Scheyer, Das psychologische System des Maimonides, Frankfort, 1845; A. Benisch, Two Writings on the Life and Writings of Maimonides, London, 1847; A. Geiger, Moses ben Maimon, Rosenberg, 1850; M. Joel, Die Religionsphilosophie des Moses ben Maimonides, Breslau, 1859; S. Rubin, Spinoza and Maimonides, Vienna, 1868; M. Eisler, Vorlesungen iiber die judischen Philosophen des Mittelalters, Vienna, 1870; D. Rosin, Die Ethik des Maimonides, Breslau, 1876; D. Kaufmann, Geschichte der Attributenlehre, pp. 363 sqq., Gotha, 1877; J. H. Weiss, Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, Vienna, 1881; W. Bacher, Die Bibelexegese Moses Maimunis, Strasburg, 1897; L. Diinner, Die alteste astronomische Schrift des Maimonides, Wurzburg, 1902; J. Miinz, Rabbi Moses ben Maimon. Sein Leben und seine Werke, part i., Mainz, 1902; and W. Bacher, M. Brann, D. Simonson, and J. Guttmann, Moses ben Maimon. Sein Leben, seine Werke, und sein Einfluss. Zur Erinnerung an dem 700. Todestag, Leipsic, 1908. An excellent article, with supplementary literature, is found in JE, ix. 73-86. A considerable amount of periodical literature, some of it important, is indicated in Richardson, Encyclopaedia, p. 670, 1907.
MAINS, GEORGE PRESTON: Methodist Episcopalian; b. at Newport, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1844. He was educated at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. (A.B., 1870), after having served under Admiral Porter in the North Atlantic Squadron in 1864-65. He was admitted to the New York East Conference of his denomination in 1870, and his pastorates were as follows: Hamden Plains, Conn. (1869-71), Ansonia, Conn. (1871-73), Chapel Street Church, New Haven, Conn. (1873-76), First Church, New Britain, Conn. (1876-79), First Church, Bristol, Conn. (1879-80), Grace Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1880-83), First Church, Waterbury, Conn. (1883-84), New York Avenue Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. (1887-92), and First Church, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. (1896-97). He was likewise presiding elder of the New York District in 1884-87, as well as superintendent of Seney Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1885-87 and of the Brooklyn Church Society in 1892-96. Since 1897 he has been publishing agent of the Methodist Book Concern, New York City.
MAINZ, maints: A city of Germany, 20 m. w.s.w. of Frankfort, formerly the seat of an archbishopric and once the most important ecclesiastical center of Germany. The beginning of the Christian Church there is involved in obscurity, although the statement of Irenaeus ( Hcer. I., x. 2) that Christian communities existed in Germany in his time renders it probable that Christians then lived in Mainz. Old Christian inscriptions from the city are almost entirely lacking, but Ammianus Marcellinus (xxvii. 10) states that in 368 a large portion of the population was Christian. According to Jerome (Ejrist. cxxiii. 16), thousands were killed in the church
when Mainz was taken by the Germans in the early part of the fifth century, yet the effects of this disaster were only transitory, and ancient churches were still standing about the middle of the century, the Christian community having become Teutonized in the mean time.
Although the bishopric of Mainz certainly existed as early as 550, Christianity scarcely flourished there, for the local church was involved in the decay of the Frankish Church in the closing years of the Merovingians. The revival first began when Boniface became bishop in 745 or 746, and it was then that the bishopric commenced to extend. Originally it seems to have embraced only the Frankish territories on the Rhine and Main, for bishoprics were erected in Buraburg and Erfurt in 741, although they seem to have lapsed after the death of their first bishops and then formed part of the bishopric of Mainz. The diocese thus became larger than any other in Germany, stretching from Donnersberg in the south to the Harz in the north, and from the upper portion of the Saale in the east beyond the Nahe in the west. Between 780 and 782 the successor of Boniface, Lullus (see Lullus of Mainz), was raised to the rank of an archbishop and Mainz became the metropolitan city. The province later comprised the Frankish bishoprics of Wurzburg, Eichstatt, Worms, and Speyer; the Swabian bishoprics of Augsburg, Constance, Strasburg, and Chur; the Saxon bishoprics of Paderborn, Hildesheim, Halberstadt, and Verden; and the bishoprics of Bamberg, Prague, and Olmutz. In 1047, however, Bamberg was detached from Mainz and made immediately subject to the holy see; and after the elevation of Prague into an archbishopric in 1343 the Czech sees were taken from Mainz. (A. Hatjck.)
From the episcopate of Christian I. (1165-83), who had been chancellor to Frederick Barbarossa before his consecration, this office became permanently connected with the see of Mainz; and when the electoral system had its first beginning in 1125, largely at the suggestion of Adalbert I. (1109-37), it was natural that he should be one of the electors. When the number was later fixed at seven, of whom three were ecclesiastics (the archbishops of Mainz, Cologne, and Treves), the archbishop of Mainz, who in any case took precedence over the other princes of the empire, ranked as the first. In the period of the Reformation, the fifty-sixth and fiftyseventh archbishops, Albert II. of Brandenburg (1514-45) and Sebastian von Heusenstamm (1545- 1555) governed with wisdom and moderation, and checked the spread of Protestantism without recourse to violence. The see maintained its dignity down to the French Revolution, at which period the archbishop had an income of 1,400,000 gulden, and was both temporal and spiritual ruler of a population of 400,000. The territory of the see was incorporated with the dominions of the French Republic in 1797; and by the Peace of Luneville (1801) a settlement was made which, when the last archbishop, Frederick Charles Joseph, Baron von Erthal (1774-1802), died, allowed his coadjutor Dalberg to retain, with the title of arch-chancellor, the principalities of Aschaffenburg and Regensburg