RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Malan
Malay Archipelago
denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Another polemical treatise, Pourrai-je entrer jamais dans I'eglise romainef (Paris, 1837), was directed against Abbe" Baudry. Other works of Malan are, Quatrevingt jours d'un missionaire (Geneva, 1842); Le veritable ami des enfants (4th ed. in 4 vols., Geneva, 1844) ; E<tes-vous heureux, mais pleinement heureux? Sinceres aveux de quelques amis (Geneva, 1851); Vingt tableaux misses, tous esquisses d'apres nature (Geneva, 1854). Malan wrote also a large number of religious tracts which had great popularity, a very considerable number of them being translated, as were many of his stories and sermons, into English. He composed more than a thousand hymns, some of which have become the common property of all Christian churches. (E. BardeI.)
Bibliography: C. Malan (his son), La Vie et les travaux de Cesar Malan, Geneva, 1869, Eng. transl., The Life, Labours, and Writings of Ccesar Malan, London, 1869; Histoire veritable des mdmiers de Geneve, Paris, 1824; The Late Rev. Dr. Cesar Malan of Geneva, London, 1864.
MALAN, SOLOMON C./ESAR: Orientalist; b. at Geneva Apr. 22, 1812; d. at Bournemouth (24 m. w.s.w. of Southampton), England, Nov. 25, 1894. He was of an old Waldensian family, and the son of Cesar Henri Abraham Malan (q.v.). He was educated at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford (B.A., 1837; M.A., 1843), and was ordered deacon in 1838 and ordained priest in 1843. From 1838 to 1840 he was classical lecturer at Bishop's College, Calcutta. He was then curate of Alverstoke, Hampshire (1843-44); Crowcombe, Somersetshire (1844-45); vicar of Broad Windsor, Dorsetshire (1845-85); rural dean (1846-53); and prebendary of Salisbury cathedral (1870-75). Malan was a good linguist, being acquainted with twenty-five to thirty languages. He made two or three journeys to the East after his return from India, one in particular to Nineveh, passing through the Caucasus and preaching in Georgian at Kutais. Among his numerous works may be mentioned: Outline of Bishop's College and of its Missions (London, 1843); Plain Exposition of the Apostles' Creed (1847) ; Systematic Catalogue of the Eggs of British Birds (1848) ; Vindication of the Authorised Version of the English Bible (1856); Aphorisms on Drawing (1856); Magdala: a Day by the Sea of Galilee (1857); Bethany: a Pilgrimage (1857); Coasts of Tyre and Sidon (1858); Letters to a Young Missionary (1858); On Ritualism (1867); Outline of the English Jewish Church (1867) ; Holy Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, According to Scripture, Grammar, and the Faith (1868); Parables of Jesus Christ, Explained to Country Children (2 vols., 1872) ; Miracles of Our Lord, Explained to Country Children (1881); and Original Notes on the Book of Proverbs (3 vols., 1889-93). He also translated many works, chiefly religious, from the Russian, Welsh, Armenian^ Arabic, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, Georgian, Chinese, Japanese, and other languages; among them: the San Tsze King (from the Chinese; 1856); the Gospel according to St. John (from the eleven oldest versions; 1862); History of the Georgian Church (from the Russian; 1866); Life and Times of St. Gregory the Illuminator (from the Armenian; 1868); Conflicts of the Holy Apostles (from the Armenian; 1871); Misawo, the Japanese Girl
(from the Japanese; 1871); History of the Copts, and of their Church (from the Arabic; 1873) ; and The Book of Adam and Eve (from the Ethiopic; 1882).
Bibliography: A biography was written by his son, A. N. Malan, London, 1897, and a notice by Macdonnell appeared in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1895; cf. DNB, Supplement, vol. iii. 133-134.
MALAY ARCHIPELAGO: A chain of four large and numerous small volcanic islands, lying to the southeast of Asia, extending from the Malay Peninsula to New Guinea, also known as the Dutch East Indies. They are divided into the Larger Sunda Islands — Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes; the Lesser Sunda Islands — Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Sawu, Timor, etc; and the Moluccas — Buru, Ambon, Ceram, Almaheira, Ternate, the Sangi, and the Talaut Islands, etc.; area, 943,000 square miles; population (estimated), 32,435,000. The Philippine Islands (q.v.) are sometimes included in the group. An area of about 84,000 miles on North Borneo is under British control, while Portugal has 7,500 square miles of territory on East Timor; the rest of the archipelago is under Dutch control. The majority of the inhabitants are Malays, divided into the savage and semi-civilized tribes. There are over half a million Chinese, 60,000 Dutch, and about 3,000 Europeans and other foreigners.
A Hindu invasion antedating the Christian era was followed first by a Buddhist and later by a Brahmin wave, each leaving its impress on the natives. A Mohammedan invasion in the twelfth century resulted in a wide-spread Mohammedanism, and Arab influence was paramount till the coming of the Dutch in 1521. In 1602 the Dutch East India Company established itself in the archipelago and at once began the work of civilizing and Christianizing the people, which was demanded by its charter. The Malay language was reduced to writing, and numerous schools were established; by 1688 the New Testament was given to the people, and in 1733 the Old Testament was also completed. But the work of these missionaries of the company was largely perfunctory; any person so desiring was baptized and ranked thereafter as a Christian, though heathen in habit. The company dissolved in 1795, and no further Protestant mission work was attempted till 1812, when the Netherlands Society sent its first missionaries. They were followed by the English Baptists (1820), the American Board (1834), the Netherlands Mennonite Mission Union (1847), the Java Committee (1855), the Ermelo Missions Society (1856), the Netherlands Missions Union (1858), the Missions of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (1859), the Utrecht Missionary Society (1859), and the Netherlands Lutheran Church (1882). Other societies are the Rhenish Society (1835), the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (1837), the Neukirchen Missions Institute (1882), and the Methodist Episcopal Society (1889).
However, the results of missionary work were meager, largely owing to the attitude of the government toward Mohammedanism, which flourished under Dutch rule, and to the fact that the missions
Malay Archipelago Mallet