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cepted the dogma in 1497 in harmony with a decree of the Council of Basel, was impatient of such deviation from its views, and accused him of heresy in 1574. The archbishop of Paris, Pierre de Gondy, acquitted Maldonatus of the charge, whereupon the Sorbonne again accused him of heresy for having expressed the opinion, in a lecture delivered six years before, that no soul would be required to remain in purgatory more than ten years in all, whereas the usual view postulated seven years of expiation for each sin unatoned for during life. Twisting this mere opinion into a categorical statement, the Sorbonne lodged charges against Maldonatus before parliament, and the debate dragged wearily on until Pope Gregory XIII., at the request of both parties, interfered and declared Maldonatus orthodox in his teachings. The latter accordingly resumed his lectures, which he had declined to deliver during the trial, on May 6, 1576, but his reluctance to remain longer in Paris, combined with the pope's desire to reconcile the Sorbonne and Clermont, resulted in his transfer to the College of Bourges, where he found a little leisure to devote to literary work. In the latter part of 1578 he was appointed visitor of his order in the province of France, and in this capacity devoted much energy to the development of the University of Ponta-Mousson, which had been founded by Cardinal Guise in 1573 and placed under Jesuit control. Exhausted by his duties, he retired for a brief rest to Bourges, but on Aug. 1, 1580, Everard Mercurian, the fourth general of the order, died, and Maldonatus was sent to Rome as the deputy of the province of France to attend the election fixed for Apr., 1581. He accordingly hastened to Italy, was invited to preside at the election, and in this capacity proclaimed his compatriot, Aquaviva, the fifth general of the Jesuits. His new superior detained him in Rome at the Collegium Romanum to give him leisure and materials for the completion of his commentary on the Bible, and at the same time the pope appointed him a member of the committee for the revision of the Pentateuch, but he did not live to complete the latter task. The works of Maldonatus are as follows: Commentarii in quattuor Evangelia (2 vols., Pont-a-Mousson, 1596-97; new ed. by F. Sausen, 5 vols., Mainz, 1840, abridged by K. Martin in two vols., Mainz, 1850; Eng. transl. of the commentary on Matthew by G. J. Davie, 2 vols., London, 1888-89); Commentarii in Prophetas quattuor Jeremiam, Baruch, Ezechielem et Danielem (Tours, 1611); and Tractalus de ccerimoniis misses (best edited by P. Zaccaria, Bibliotheca Ritualis, iii., Rome, 1781). His Opera varia theologica were edited by two doctors of the Sorbonne, Dubois and Faure (3 vols., Paris,
1677). (W. J. MANGOLDt.)
Bibliography: J. M. Prat, Maldonat et I'universite de Paris au xvi. siecle, Paris, 1856 (somewhat one-sided); R. Simon, Histoire critique des principaux commentateurs du N. T., pp. 618-632, Rotterdam, 1693; L. E. Du Pin, Nouvelle bibliotheque desauteurs ecclesiastiques, xvi. 125 sqq., Amsterdam, 1710; P. Bayle, Dictionary Historical and Critical, iv. 76-82, London, 1737; Aberle, in TQS, 1855, pp. 121 SQQ.; A. and A. de Backer, Bibliothique des ecrivains de la Societe de Jesus, ed. C. Sommervogel, v. 403 sqq., Paris, 1891 sqq.; Lichtenberger, ESR, vui. 598-601; KL, viii. 547-551.
MALEBRANCHE, mal"bransh', NICOLAS: French philosopher; b. in Paris Aug. 6, 1638; d. there Oct. 13, 1715. He studied theology at the Sorbonne, then at the age of twenty-two entered the Congregation of the Oratory, and spent the rest of his life in seclusion. The reading of Descartes' Traite de I'homme led him to devote himself exclusively to philosophy, in the history of which he appears as the most prominent disciple of Descartes, at some points developing and carrying farther the ideas of his master. He is the father of Occasionalism. This depends upon the Cartesian distinction between spirit and matter, soul and body. The relation between these two opposites, which Descartes left unexplained or only vaguely explained, Malebranche made the subject of his deepest meditation. Hence resulted his peculiar doctrine, that events taking place in the one sphere occasioned God to effect corresponding readjustments in the other, so that nothing could be truly understood unless " seen in God." The principal representation of his system is found in his first work, De la recherche de la veritS (Paris, 1674; two Eng. translations appeared in the same year, each in two vols., Oxford and London, 1694); but further developments are found in his Conversations chrctiennes (1677), De la nature et de la grace (1680; Eng. transl., 1695), Meditations chrctiennes et metaphysiques (1683), Traite de morale (2 vols., 1694; Eng. transl., London, 1699), and especially in his Entretiens sur la metaphysique et sur la religion (2 vols., 1688). His De la nature et de la grace deprived him of the favor of Bossuet, and implicated him in a long and bitter controversy with Antoine Arnauld. His doctrines were often said to incline toward Spinozism, but on this point he found a warm defender in Leibnitz. While his metaphysics have now only very little interest, the noble piety of his works still impresses and the elegance of the representation exercises its charm. His works, first published in Paris, 1712, were again edited by Genoude and Lourdoueix (2 vols., Paris, 1837); also by J. Simon (1842, new ed., 1859; in 4 vols., 1871, incomplete).
Bibliography: H. Joly, Traite de morale de Malebranche, Paris, 1882; idem, Malebranche, ib. 1901; J. P. Damiron, Essai sur I'hist. de to philosophic pp. 352-396, ib. 1846; E. A. Blampignon, Etude sur Malebranche, ib. 1862; F. Bowen, Modern Philosophy, pp. 73-86, New York, 1877; P. Andrd, De la vie de . Malebranche, Paris, 1886; 6. Farny, Etude sur la morale de Malebranche, Chaux de Fonds, 1886; E. Caird, Essays on Literature and Philosophy, 2 vols., New York, 1892; and, in general, works on the history of modern philosophy.
MALLET, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG: German pulpit-orator; b. at Braunfels (37 m. e.n.e. of Coblenz) Aug. 4, 1793; d. at Bremen May 5, 1865. He was educated in the universities of Herborn and Tubingen, and during his student days served in the Napoleonic wars of 1814-15. In Dec, 1815, he became assistant in St. Michael's Church, Bremen, and succeeded the aged pastor, Buch, two years later. In 1827 he was chosen third pastor at the large church of St. Stephen in Bremen, where he officiated for the remainder of his life, becoming first pastor after the deaths of his superiors, Muller and Pletzer.
Malmesbury Man